| 1. |
- Ahrsjö, Ulrika, 1989-
(författare)
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Essays on Economic Disadvantage : Criminal Justice, Gender and Social Mobility
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Youth Crime, Community Service and Labor Market OutcomesCan lifetime trajectories of youth offenders be improved through criminal justice policy? I evaluate the effects of a youth justice reform in Sweden that sharply increased the share of juveniles assigned to court-ordered community service --- i.e. unpaid, low-skilled work. On average, the reform did not affect post-conviction recidivism or labor market outcomes, but these average effects mask considerable heterogeneity depending on the most likely alternative sanction. In particular, post-reform recidivism and incarceration rates are lower for individuals for whom community service replaces fines. Applying a machine learning method for causal inference, I then evaluate the net financial effect of the policy conditional on observable characteristics and analyze how the program could be targeted for improved efficiency. The results suggest that community service can benefit youth offenders, but that it is not suitable as a universal program.Intergenerational Mobility Trends and the Changing Role of Female LaborWe present new evidence on the existence and drivers of trends in intergenerational income mobility using administrative income data from Scandinavia along with survey data from the United States. Harmonizing the data from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, we first find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Scandinavia for cohorts of children born between 1951 and 1979. Splitting the trends by gender, we find that father-son mobility has been stable in all three countries, while correlations involving females display substantial trends. Similar patterns are confirmed in the US data, albeit with slightly different timing. Utilizing information about individual occupation, education and income in the Scandinavian data, we find that intergenerational mobility in latent economic status has remained relatively constant for all gender combinations. This is found to be driven by increased female labor market participation at the intensive as well as the extensive margin. The observed decline in intergenerational mobility in Scandinavia is thus consistent with a socially desirable development where female skills are increasingly valued in the labor market.Wage Inequality, Selection and the Evolution of the Gender Earnings Gap in Sweden We estimate the change in the gender wage gap between 1968 and 2019 in Sweden accounting for (1) changes in the intensive margin of labor supply; (2) changes in the overall wage inequality; (3) changes in selection into the labor market using parametric and non-parametric selection corrections. Our results show that between 1968 and 1991, about half of the changes in the gender wage gap can be attributed to changes in the overall wage distribution. Conversely, changes in the wage distribution from 1991 to 2019 mask a larger closure of the gender wage gap. Our corrections for selection into the labor force suggest that uncorrected estimates miss about half of the around 20 percentage points decrease in the gender wage gap over the 1968-2019 period.Identity in Court Decision-MakingWe explore the role of identity along multiple dimensions in high-stakes decision-making. Our data set contains information about gender, ethnic background, age and socioeconomic indicators for randomly assigned jurors and defendants in a Swedish district court. Our results show that defendants are significantly less likely to get a prison sentence if they and the jurors belong to the same identity-forming group. For example, a defendant is 15 percent less likely to get a prison sentence if he or she has the same level of education as all three jurors compared to if none of them have the same educational attainments.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Markanvändningens effekter på växthusgaser, biologisk mångfald och vatten
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten fokuserar på skötselmetoder inom skogsoch jordbruk och vilka effekter de får för växthusgaser, biologisk mångfald och vattenkvalitet/kvantitet. Skogen spelar en allt större roll i klimatarbetet för att minska atmosfärens halter av växthusgaser, främst koldioxid. För den fysiska samhällsplaneringen är det viktigt att kunna diskutera olika utfall för olika markanvändning, både i tid och rum. Rapporten visar genom en systemanalytisk ansats att: De flesta skötselmetoder kan möta målen för växthusgasminskning, minimera påverkan på biologisk mångfald och vattensäkerhet, med undantag för intensivskogsbruk. Rapporten kan användas som diskussionsunderlag när olika miljömål konkurrerar.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Markanvändningens effekter på växthusgaser, biologisk mångfald och vatten : Rapporten bygger på NV-rapport 6505
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- abellen nedan kan ses som en starkt förkortad sammanfattning av rapporten Land management meeting several environmental objectives – minimizing impacts on greenhouse gas emissions (Olsson et al). De miljökonsekvenser som varje diskuterad åtgärd ger upphov till, redovisas utifrån det referensläge som rapporten utgår från. Klimateffekterna är antingen direkta (kollager eller kolsänka), eller indirekta (genom någon substitutionseffekt). Generellt sett är det mer effektivt att använda biomassan (virket) som konstruktionsmaterial än som bränsle, om målet är att begränsa utsläppen av växthusgaser. Används virket som konstruktionsmaterial, förblir ju det inlagrade kolet bundet (i konstruktionen). Tabellen säger ingenting om åtgärdernas eller effekternas omfattning; för sådana detaljer hänvisas till den engelskspråkiga, mer vetenskapligt utförliga rapporten. Tabellen säger heller ingenting om hur effekterna av de olika åtgärderna ska kunna mätas, och således heller ingenting om hur de ska kunna jämföras med varandra. Det mest troliga är att svaren på frågor som dessa varierar från fall till fall, men också från person till person, beroende på vad som tillskrivs mest vikt – eller värde – i olika situationer.
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| 5. |
- Diener, Derek, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Silver i produktkedjan: Från konsumentvaror till avloppsslam
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under senare år har ett antal nya produkter innehållande silver lanserats, till exempel sårvårdsprodukter, tvättmaskiner och textilier. Inte minst har mängden nanosilverpartiklar ökat kraftigt. När detta silver når avloppsreningsverken kan det dels påverka processerna i verken, men framför allt påverkas kvalitén på det slam som produceras. Syftet med detta projekt var, i korthet, att undersöka de viktiga produktkedjor som avslutas med att silver hamnar i svenska avloppsreningsverk och att därmed bidra till en bättre förståelse för problemet.Arbetet utfördes som ett examensarbete under 2011 av Derek Diener under handledning av Ulrika Palme på avdelningen för miljösystemanalys på Chalmers tekniska högskola i Göteborg. Studien stöttades med finansiering av Svenskt Vatten Utveckling, och med rådgivning från en referensgrupp bestående av representanter för Borås VA, Gryaab och Hammargårds ARV, vilka vi härmed vill tacka för det ekonomiska såväl som det kunskapsmässiga stöd vi fått. Vi vill även tacka alla de personer som bidragit med sin tid och sina kunskaper, tankar och åsikter i intervjuer, möten och enkäter.Denna rapport är en översatt och för Svenskt Vatten Utveckling anpassad version av Derek Dieners rapport ”Silver in the product stream: From consumer goods to sludge and water ecosystems with a focus on stakeholder positions”.
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| 6. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Life Cycle Assessment of Phosphorus Sources from Phosphate ore and urban sinks: Sewage Sludge and MSW Incineration fly ash
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research. - 1735-6865. ; 9:1, s. 133-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban sinks accumulate phosphorus and other elements and may serve as sources of secondaryraw materials. This paper evaluates phosphorus sources based on their environmental impact. In a life cycleassessment (LCA) the conventional production was used as a yardstick against which tomeasure the performanceof two recycling options: spreading of sewage sludge and phosphorus recovery from municipal solid wasteincineration fly ash (MSWA). When compared as three gate-to-gate processes, the sludge spreading had thelowest potential environmental impact, except in the impact categories eco- and human toxicity. In the future, thesludge spreading could potentially outperform the conventional process also with regard to toxicity, provided itsHg and Cu content can be reduced. Phosphorus extracted from the MSWA had the highest impact, except inrelation to eutrophication. The benefits of avoiding the conventional production were greater than the sludgerecycling impacts for all categories except toxicity. When conventional production is substituted by the MSWArecycling, the eutrophication and land-use impacts are avoided, while the impacts in other categories areconsiderable. The development needs identified for this method include substitution of HCl, reduced waterconsumption, and reduction of the product’smetal content. Solutions to all of these challenges have been proposedand are currently being tested.
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| 7. |
- Kalmykova, Yuliya, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Total Material Requirement assessment of Phosphorus sources from phosphate ore and urban sinks: sewage sludge and MSW incineration fly ash
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research. - 1735-6865. ; 9:3, s. 561-566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diversification of phosphorus sources can bring substantial synergy effects within all the sustainable development domains: environmental, economic and social, and such an opportunity should not be overlooked. Urban sinks accumulate phosphorus and other elements and may serve as sources of secondary raw materials. This paper evaluates phosphorus sources based on their total material requirement (TMR). Resource requirements and emissions of the conventional phosphorus production from mining through the acid route processing have been quantified and have been used as a yardstick against which to measure the performance of two recycling options: spreading of sewage sludge and phosphorus recovery from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWA). The sludge spreading had the lowest TMR. Phosphorus extracted from the MSWAhad four-fold higher TMR than the conventional production. However, method modifications were suggested and are currently being tested, which reduce the methods TMR well below the TMR of the phosphorus production from the ore. The entire impact of the Swedish mineral fertilizer demand can be avoided by recycling urban sinks of phosphorus. Sweden can become self-sufficient in mineral fertilizer because the phosphorus quantities imported in food and later found in the urban sinks such as food waste, sewage sludge and MSW incineration residues cover the entire necessary quantity.
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| 8. |
- Lindqvist, Maria, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of two different biodiversity assessment methods in LCA-a case study of Swedish spruce forest
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 21:2, s. 190-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Lately, there has been a growing interest in how to include biodiversity in life cycle assessment (LCA). The aim of this study was to compare two impact assessment methods, with regard to their applicability on a regional level and their feasibility in terms of data availability, through applying them to a case study. MethodsThe methods tested were those developed by de Baan et al. (2013a), based on species richness, and Lindner et al. (2014), based on ecosystem indicators. These were applied to commercially managed spruce forest in the south of Sweden. For the species-based method, characterization factors (CFs) were based on species richness of vascular plants in the region, calculated for two different stages in the production cycle, before and after felling, and using two different types of semi-natural reference situations. The key feature in the ecosystem approach was a set of indicators of prerequisites for biodiversity, based on expert knowledge, and the reference situation applied was the hypothetic maximum biodiversity quality in the region. Results and discussionThe results showed that both methods were applicable for biodiversity assessment at regional level. All methodological requirements, such as species data and expert opinion, were available. To obtain enough data for the species richness method, data on vascular plants from two administrative regions was needed. When biodiversity was assessed before felling and using the spruce reference situation, the conventional spruce forestry studied was shown to have positive impact on biodiversity. All other results showed negative impacts on biodiversity. The positive impact indicated by the species richness method was probably due to the small difference in species richness between the mature spruce forest assessed and the available spruce forest reference situation. ConclusionsThe study shows that the two methods are applicable on a regional level, although data availability was a constraint in the species richness method by de Baan et al. (2013a). The choice of reference situation, and when in the production cycle assessment was made, led to considerable differences in the characterization factors generated.
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| 9. |
- Myllyviita, Tanja, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing biodiversity impacts in life cycle assessment framework - Comparing approaches based on species richness and ecosystem indicators in the case of Finnish boreal forests
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impacts of bioeconomy on climate have been much discussed, but less attention has been given to biodiversity deterioration. One approach to assess biodiversity impacts is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Finland is a forested country with intensive forest industries, but only coarse biodiversity LCA methods are available. The aim of this study was to further develop and apply approaches to assess the biodiversity impacts of wood use in Finland. With the species richness approach (all taxons included), biodiversity impacts were higher in Southern than in Northern Finland but impacts in Southern and Northern Finland were lower when mammals, birds and molluscs were included. With the ecosystem indicators approach, if the reference situation were forest in its natural state, biodiversity impacts were higher than in the case where the initial state of forest before final felling was used to derive biodiversity loss. In both cases, the biodiversity impacts were higher in Northern Finland. These results were not coherent as the model applying species richness data assesses biodiversity loss based on all species, whereas the ecosystem indicators approach considers vulnerable species. One limitation of the species richness approach was that there were no reliable datasets available. In the ecosystem indicators approach, it was noticed that the biodiversity of managed Finnish forests is substantially lower than in natural forests. Biodiversity LCA approaches are highly sensitive to reference states, applied model and data. It is essential to develop approaches capable of comparing biodiversity impacts of forest management practices, or when looking at multiple environmental impacts simultaneously with the LCA framework.
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