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- Palmieri, Jack, et al.
(författare)
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Individual and psychosocial study environment characteristics associated with exposure to sexual harassment at a large public university in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population Medicine. - 2654-1459. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objective: Universities can be understood as work-like environments for students. Limited research has examined this study environment from a Demand-Control-Support perspective with regards to sexual harassment. Understanding this environment is key to designing preventative measures. This study therefore aimed to examine the association between individual and psychosocial study environment characteristics and exposure to sexual harassment among students at Lund University, Sweden. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilised survey data from an online survey conducted among university students (N=8960). Questions on background characteristics, exposure to sexual harassment while at university and psychosocial study environment as measured by a Demand-Control-Support-instrument were used. Descriptive analysis, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regressions were used to examine the association between individual and study environment characteristics and exposure to sexual harassment. Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) were calculated and synergy indexes (SI) used to examine the interaction between demands and control and potential buffering effects of support. Results: High demands and low control were independently associated with higher odds of being exposed to sexual harassment among both females and males. When controlling for background characteristics, high study strain (combination of high demands and low control) was associated with exposure to sexual harassment among both female and male respondents and accounted for a PAF of 14% and 15% of study environment sexual harassment for females and males, respectively. Low lecturer support was associated with higher odds for sexual harassment for females but not males. No evidence was found for a buffering effect of support on high strain and sexual harassment. Conclusions: Reducing high psychosocial strain in study environments could be an effective strategy for reducing sexual harassment in university settings. Improving support from lecturers could also modify this relationship, but more research is required to identify causal pathways for this results.
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- Palmieri, Jack, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial study environment characteristics associated with exposure to sexual harassment at a large public university in southern Sweden : a cross-sectional study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - 1654-9716. ; 16:1, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Universities can be understood as work-like environments for students, with similar risks and expectations regarding psychosocial environment. Limited research has examined this study environment from a Demand-Control-Support perspective with regard to sexual harassment. Understanding this environment is key to designing protective measures. This study aimed to examine the association between individual and psychosocial study environment characteristics and exposure to sexual harassment among students at Lund University, Sweden.METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilised data from an online survey conducted among students. Questions on background characteristics, exposure to sexual harassment while at university and psychosocial study environment as measured by a Demand-Control-Support-instrument were used. Bivariate, and multivariable logistic regressions were used, together with Population Attributable Fractions (PAF), and synergy indexes (SI).RESULTS: High demands and low control were independently associated with higher odds of being exposed to sexual harassment among both females and males (OR 1.41, OR 1.26 and OR 1.55, OR1.34, respectively). When adjusting for background characteristics, high study strain (combination of high demands and low control) was associated with exposure to sexual harassment among both female and male respondents (aOR 1.67 and 1.98 respectively) and could account for PAF of 14% and 15% of study environment sexual harassment for females and males, respectively. Low lecturer support was associated with higher odds for sexual harassment among females (aOR 1.19) but not males. Little evidence was found for a buffering effect of student support on high strain and sexual harassment (SI 0.7).CONCLUSION: Working to reduce situations of high strain study environments could be an effective strategy for reducing sexual harassment in university settings. Improving support from lecturers could also modify this relationship, but more research is required to identify causal pathways underlying this result.
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- Palmieri, Jack
(författare)
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The Hidden Curriculum. Sexual harassment among university students in Sweden.
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The #metoo and #akademiuppropet media campaigns brought into stark relief the ongoing issue of workplace sexual harassment. Previous research shows this to be a pernicious and prevalent problem with severe consequences for individuals and organisations. Universities are complex spaces that can be considered as a workplace for students and as a site where boundaries between formal education and social activities can become blurred. They are also sites where strict hierarchies and power structures exist. Few large-scale studies have been conducted on sexual harassment in university settings in Sweden, with existing research lacking in comprehensiveness and academic rigour. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine individual and organizational factors associated with exposure to sexual harassment among students at Lund University, to contribute new and up-to-date knowledge in this area.Methods: Papers I and II analysed cross-sectional data from a self-administered survey completed by 8960 students at Lund University in Sweden. Paper I was a validation of a modified instrument for measuring psychosocial study environment for students that utilises exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Paper II examined associations between study environment and exposure to sexual harassment using logistic regression and synergy indexes. Paper III was a Grounded Theory study that used data from 7 focus group discussions conducted among 28 students at Lund University to explore conceptualisations and organisational structures as explanatory mechanisms for sexual harassment.Results: The main finding of Paper I was that the modified instrument for measuring demand, control, and support among students is a reliable and valid tool. Paper II applied this tool to the question of sexual harassment and found that high demands and low control were independently associated with higher odds of being exposed to sexual harassment and that high study strain (combination of high demands and low control) could account for 14% and 15% of study environment sexual harassment for females and males, respectively. Paper III highlighted that although students were aware of sexual harassment at the university, they were conflicted as to interpreting and assigning responsibility on a continuum from individual to organisational. This confusion permeated every aspect of understanding and responding to sexual harassment.Conclusions: To work proactively to prevent sexual harassment, and to create systems for redress in the university setting requires a multilevel approach that works to reduce situations of high strain for students and improves support from lecturers. Simultaneously, the approach must generate trust in university systems through establishing common understandings of sexual harassment, clear and accountable pathways for reporting, and transparency of outcome.
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- Palmieri, Jack, et al.
(författare)
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Validating a modified instrument for measuring Demand-Control-Support among students at a large university in southern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - 1654-9880. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundUniversity students experience a distinct working environment in the context of completing their studies. In line with existing research into the connection between workplace environment and stress, it is rational to believe that such study environments can affect the level of stress that students experience. However, few instruments have been developed for measuring this.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to validate a modified instrument based on the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) model among students at a large university in southern Sweden to determine its utility for assessing the psychosocial properties of the study environment.MethodsData from a survey performed at a Swedish university in 2019, which generated 8960 valid cases, was used. Of these cases, 5410 studied a course or programme at bachelor level, 3170 a course or programme at master level, and 366 a combination of courses and programmes on the two levels (14 missing). A 22-item DCS-instrument for students was used comprising four scales: Psychological workload (demand) with nine items, Decision latitude (control) with eight items, supervisor/lecturer support with four items, and colleague/student support with three items. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsThe results of the exploratory factor analysis of the Demand-Control components support a 3-dimension solution with dimensions corresponding to psychological demands, skill discretion, and decision authority in the original DCS model. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were acceptable for Control (0.60) and Student Support (0.72) and very good for the Demand and Supervisor Support scales (0.81 and 0.84, respectively).ConclusionsThe results suggest that the validated 22-item DCS-instrument is a reliable and valid tool for assessing Demand, Control, and Support elements of the psychosocial study environment among student populations. Further research is necessary to examine the predictive validity of this modified instrument.
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- Pennells, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Equalization of four cardiovascular risk algorithms after systematic recalibration : individual-participant meta-analysis of 86 prospective studies
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 40:7, s. 621-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: There is debate about the optimum algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation. We conducted head-to-head comparisons of four algorithms recommended by primary prevention guidelines, before and after ‘recalibration’, a method that adapts risk algorithms to take account of differences in the risk characteristics of the populations being studied.Methods and results: Using individual-participant data on 360 737 participants without CVD at baseline in 86 prospective studies from 22 countries, we compared the Framingham risk score (FRS), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), pooled cohort equations (PCE), and Reynolds risk score (RRS). We calculated measures of risk discrimination and calibration, and modelled clinical implications of initiating statin therapy in people judged to be at ‘high’ 10 year CVD risk. Original risk algorithms were recalibrated using the risk factor profile and CVD incidence of target populations. The four algorithms had similar risk discrimination. Before recalibration, FRS, SCORE, and PCE over-predicted CVD risk on average by 10%, 52%, and 41%, respectively, whereas RRS under-predicted by 10%. Original versions of algorithms classified 29–39% of individuals aged ≥40 years as high risk. By contrast, recalibration reduced this proportion to 22–24% for every algorithm. We estimated that to prevent one CVD event, it would be necessary to initiate statin therapy in 44–51 such individuals using original algorithms, in contrast to 37–39 individuals with recalibrated algorithms.Conclusion: Before recalibration, the clinical performance of four widely used CVD risk algorithms varied substantially. By contrast, simple recalibration nearly equalized their performance and improved modelled targeting of preventive action to clinical need.
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- Tumwine, Gilbert, et al.
(författare)
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'One-size doesn't fit all' : Understanding healthcare practitioners' perceptions, attitudes and behaviours towards sexual and reproductive health and rights in low resource settings: An exploratory qualitative study
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:6, s. 0234658-0234658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although progress has been made to improve access to sexual and reproductive health services globally in the past two decades, in many low-income countries, improvements have been slow. Discrimination against vulnerable groups and failure to address health inequities openly and comprehensively play a role in this stagnation. Healthcare practitioners are important actors who, often alone, decide who accesses services and how. This study explores how health care practitioners perceive sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and how background factors influence them during service delivery. Participants were a purposefully selected sample of health practitioners from five low income countries attending a training in at Lund University, Sweden. Semi-structured interviews and qualitative content analysis were used. Three themes emerged. The first theme, "one-size doesn't fit all' in SRHR" reflects health practitioners' perception of SRHR. Although they perceived rights as fundamental to sexual and reproductive health, exercising of these rights was perceived to be context-specific. The second theme, "aligning a pathway to service delivery", illustrates a reflective balancing act between their personal values and societal norms in service delivery, while the third theme, "health practitioners acting as gatekeepers", describes how this balancing act oscillates between enabling and blocking behaviours. The findings suggest that, even though health care practitioners perceive SRHR as fundamental rights, their preparedness to ensure that these rights were upheld in service delivery is influenced by personal values and society norms. This could lead to actions that enable or block service delivery.
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