| 1. |
- Andersson, Sandra Andersson, et al.
(författare)
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Undersökning av kalciumkarbonatförekomsten i Vombfältet
- 2015
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Ingår i: Vatten: tidskrift för vattenvård /Journal of Water Management and research. - 0042-2886. ; 71, s. 17-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- In a study of the neutralization capacity and limestone content the artificial recharge area of the Sydvatten waterworks Vombverket in Vomb, Skåne, five samples from different locations in the area was collected, sieved and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The neutralization capacity measured as calcium carbonate content was found to vary in the different sandy soil samples but was generally high (about 2–14 % by weight). The total mass of calcium carbonate in the infiltration area was determined taking into account the volume and density, i.e. possible porosity of the soil. There is at least equal to 4.3 million tons of calcium carbonate present in the infiltration area. This corresponds to a neutralization capacity of 88 x 109 moles in the study area. The annual limestone dissolution in the area is about 750 tons. The limestone content in the area is generally high and has a good ability to buffer also more acidic water than water from Vombsjön. At present limestone consumption, the neutralization capacity lasts for at least 5700 years.
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| 2. |
- Garm, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The ring nerve of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0878 .- 0302-766X. ; 329:1, s. 147-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Box jellyfish have the most elaborate sensory system and behavioural repertoire of all cnidarians. Sensory input largely comes from 24 eyes situated on four club-shaped sensory structures, the rhopalia, and behaviour includes obstacle avoidance, light shaft attractance and mating. To process the sensory input and convert it into the appropriate behaviour, the box jellyfish have a central nervous system (CNS) but this is still poorly understood. The CNS has two major components: the rhopalial nervous system and the ring nerve. The rhopalial nervous system is situated within the rhopalia in close connection with the eyes, whereas the ring nerve encircles the bell. We describe the morphology of the ring nerve of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora as ascertained by normal histological techniques, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. By light microscopy, we have estimated the number of cells in the ring nerve by counting their nuclei. In cross sections at the ultrastructural level, the ring nerve appears to have three types of neurites: (1) small "normal"-looking neurites, (2) medium-sized neurites almost completely filled by electron-lucent vacuoles and (3) giant neurites. In general, only one giant neurite is seen on each section; this type displays the most synapses. Epithelial cells divide the ring nerve into compartments, each having a tendency to contain neurites of similar morphology. The number and arrangement of the compartments vary along the length of the ring nerve.
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| 3. |
- Garm, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Visually guided obstacle avoidance in the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Chiropsella bronzie
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 210:20, s. 3616-3623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Box jellyfish, cubomedusae, possess an impressive total of 24 eyes of four morphologically different types. Two of these eye types, called the upper and lower lens eyes, are camera-type eyes with spherical fish-like lenses. Compared with other cnidarians, cubomedusae also have an elaborate behavioral repertoire, which seems to be predominantly visually guided. Still, positive phototaxis is the only behavior described so far that is likely to be correlated with the eyes. We have explored the obstacle avoidance response of the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora and the Australian species Chiropsella bronzie in a flow chamber. Our results show that obstacle avoidance is visually guided. Avoidance behavior is triggered when the obstacle takes up a certain angle in the visual field. The results do not allow conclusions on whether color vision is involved but the strength of the response had a tendency to follow the intensity contrast between the obstacle and the surroundings (chamber walls). In the flow chamber Tripedalia cystophora displayed a stronger obstacle avoidance response than Chiropsella bronzie since they had less contact with the obstacles. This seems to follow differences in their habitats.
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| 4. |
- Li, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Improving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin monitoring in surface waters for drinking water supply
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Security. - : Vytautas Magnus University. - 2345-0363. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyanobacteria in fresh water can cause serious threats to drinking water supplies. Managing cyanobacterial blooms particularly at small drinking water treatment plants is challenging. Because large amount of cyanobacteria may cause clogging in the treatment process and various cyanotoxins are hard to remove, while they may cause severe health problems. There is lack of instructions of what cyanobacteria/toxin amount should trigger what kind of actions for drinking water management except for Microcystins. This demands a Cyanobacteria Management Tool (CMT) to help regulators/operators to improve cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin monitoring in surface waters for drinking water supply. This project proposes a CMT tool, including selecting proper indicators for quick cyanobacteria monitoring and verifying quick analysis methods for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin. This tool is suggested for raw water management regarding cyanobacteria monitoring in lakes, especially in boreal forest climate. In addition, it applies to regions that apply international WHO standards for water management. In Swedish context, drinking water producers which use raw water from lakes that experience cyanobacterial blooms, need to create a monitoring routine for cyanobacteria/cyanotoxin and to monitor beyond such as Anatoxins, Cylindrospermopsins and Saxitoxins. Using the proposed CMT tool will increase water safety at surface water treatment plants substantially by introducing three alerting points for actions. CMT design for each local condition should integrate adaptive monitoring program.
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| 5. |
- Parkefelt, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Bilateral symmetric organization of neural elements in the visual system of a coelenterate, Tripedalia cystophora (Cubozoa)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Neurology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9861 .- 0021-9967. ; 492:3, s. 251-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cubozoans differ from other cnidarians by their body architecture and nervous system structure. In the medusa stage they possess the most advanced visual system within the phylum, located in sophisticated sensory structures, rhopalia. The rhopalium is a club-shaped structure with paired pit-shaped pigment cup eyes, paired slit-shaped pigment cup eyes, and two complex camera-type eyes: one small upper lens eye and one large lower lens eye. The medusa carries four rhopalia and visual processing and locomotor rhythm generation takes place in the rhopalia. We show here a bilaterally symmetric organization of neurons, with commissures connecting the two sides, in the rhopalium of the cubozoan Tripedalia cystophora. The fortuitous observation that a subset of neurons is strongly immunoreactive for a PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen)-like epitope allowed us to analyze the organization of these neurons in detail. Distinct PCNA-immunoreactive (PCNA-ir) nuclei form six bilateral pairs that are associated with the slit eyes, pit eyes, upper lens eye, and the posterior wall of the rhopalium. Three commissures connect the clusters of the two sides and all clusters in the rhopalium have connections to the area around the base of the stalk. This neuronal system provides an anatomical substrate for integration of visual signals from the different eyes.
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| 6. |
- Parkefelt, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Prominent system of RFamide immunoreactive neurons in the rhopalia of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa).
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Neurology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9861 .- 0021-9967. ; 516:3, s. 157-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The four visual sensory structures of a cubomedusa, the rhopalia, display a surprisingly elaborate organization by containing two lens eyes and four bilaterally paired pigment cup eyes. Peptides containing the peptide sequence Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide) occur in close association with visual structures of cnidarians, including the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of cubomedusae, suggesting that RFamide functions as a neuronal marker for certain parts of the visual system of medusae. Using immunofluorescence we give a detailed description of the organization of the RFamide-immunoreactive (ir) nervous system in the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of the cubomedusae Tripedalia cystophora and Carybdea marsupialis. The bilaterally symmetric RFamide-ir nervous system contains four cell groups and three morphologically different cell types. Neurites spread throughout the rhopalia and occur in close vicinity of the pigment cup eyes and the lower lens eye. Two commissures connect the two sides of the system and neurites of one rhopalial cell group extend into the rhopalial stalk. The RFamide-ir nervous system in the rhopalia of cubomedusae is more widespread and comprises more cells than earlier discerned. We suggest that the system might not only integrate visual input but also signals from other senses. One of the RFamide-ir cell groups is favorably situated to represent pacemaker neurons that set the swimming rhythm of the medusa.
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| 7. |
- Parkefelt, Linda
(författare)
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The nervous system of box jellyfish: A surprisingly complex system in a simple animal
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The four surprisingly complex visual sensory organs of cubomedusae, the rhopalia, contain each six eyes of four morphologically different types, two of which are camera-type eyes. This means that the evolutionary basal nervous system of cubomedusae must process the visual signals received from a total of 24 rhopalial eyes. Since the neuronal organization of the rhopalia is obscure, the role of the rhopalial nervous system in the processing of visual information is unknown. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the organization of the rhopalial nervous system in order to better understand its role in the visual processing of cubomedusae (Paper I-III). Prior to this thesis, there existed only fragmentary knowledge concerning the neuronal organization of the umbrella ("body") of cubomedusae. Moreover, the neurons of the manubrium were unknown and those of the tentacles were only superficially described. Arg-Phe-amide (RFamide) peptides are putative neurotransmitter substances in all cnidarians. The distribution of RFamide-immunoreactive (ir) neurons was examined in a cubomedusan species to investigate firstly whether RFamide-ir neurons may represent the swim motor system of cubomedusae, and secondly to determine the general neuronal organization of the manubrium and tentacles (Paper IV). This thesis provides the first detailed description of the nervous system of cubomedusae, based on immunohistochemical staining techniques. It clearly shows that the cubomedusa nervous system is more extensive and more highly organized than previously thought. Strong indications are that the rhopalial nervous system not only plays a prominent role in the processing of visual information but also in the integration of signals from other senses. In addition, the rhopalia seem to contain multiple neuronal populations that might serve different functions. The extensive RFamide-immunoreactive neural population could represent the swim motor system of the medusa, but may also serve other functions, including the conduction of impulses that coordinate prey capture and feeding. It is therefore likely that in cubomedusae the rhopalial nervous system, as well as that of the umbrella, contain multiple conduction systems.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Urrutia-Cordero, Pablo, et al.
(författare)
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Functionally reversible impacts of disturbances on lake food webs linked to spatial and seasonal dependencies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 102:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing human impact on the environment is causing drastic changes in disturbance regimes and how they prevail over time. Of increasing relevance is to further our understanding on biological responses to pulse disturbances (short duration) and how they interact with other ongoing press disturbances (constantly present). Because the temporal and spatial contexts of single experiments often limit our ability to generalize results across space and time, we conducted a modularized mesocosm experiment replicated in space (five lakes along a latitudinal gradient in Scandinavia) and time (two seasons, spring and summer) to generate general predictions on how the functioning and composition of multitrophic plankton communities (zoo-, phyto- and bacterioplankton) respond to pulse disturbances acting either in isolation or combined with press disturbances. As pulse disturbance, we used short-term changes in fish presence, and as press disturbance, we addressed the ongoing reduction in light availability caused by increased cloudiness and lake browning in many boreal and subarctic lakes. First, our results show that the top-down pulse disturbance had the strongest effects on both functioning and composition of the three trophic levels across sites and seasons, with signs for interactive impacts with the bottom-up press disturbance on phytoplankton communities. Second, community composition responses to disturbances were highly divergent between lakes and seasons: temporal accumulated community turnover of the same trophic level either increased (destabilization) or decreased (stabilization) in response to the disturbances compared to control conditions. Third, we found functional recovery from the pulse disturbances to be frequent at the end of most experiments. In a broader context, these results demonstrate that top-down, pulse disturbances, either alone or with additional constant stress upon primary producers caused by bottom-up disturbances, can induce profound but often functionally reversible changes across multiple trophic levels, which are strongly linked to spatial and temporal context dependencies. Furthermore, the identified dichotomy of disturbance effects on the turnover in community composition demonstrates the potential of disturbances to either stabilize or destabilize biodiversity patterns over time across a wide range of environmental conditions.
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| 10. |
- Urrutia Cordero, Pablo, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating multiple dimensions of ecological stability into a vulnerability framework
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 110:2, s. 374-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecological stability encompasses multiple dimensions of functional and compositional responses to environmental change. Though no single stability dimension used in isolation can fully reflect the overall response to environmental change, a common vulnerability assessment that integrates simultaneously across multiple stability components is highly desirable for ecological risk assessment. We develop both functional and compositional counterparts of a novel, integrative metric of overall ecological vulnerability (OEV). We test the framework with data from a modularized experiment replicated in five lakes over two seasons, examining functional and compositional responses to both pulse and press disturbances across three trophic groups. OEV is measured as the area under the curve integrated over the entire observation period, with the curve delimiting the difference between the disturbance treatment and undisturbed parallel controls, expressed either as the log response ratio of biomass (functional OEV) or community dissimilarity index (compositional OEV). Both, functional and compositional OEV correlated negatively with functional and compositional 'resistance', 'temporal stability' and 'final/extent of recovery' following both pulse and press disturbances, though less so with 'resilience' following a pulse disturbance. We also found a positive correlation between functional and compositional OEV, which reveals the potential to also evaluate the intricate linkage between biodiversity and functional change. Our findings demonstrate that OEV comprises a robust framework to: (a) capture simultaneously multiple functional and compositional stability components, and (b) quantify the functional consequences of biodiversity change. Our results provide the basis for an overarching framework for quantifying the overall vulnerability of ecosystems to environmental change, opening new possibilities for ecological risk assessment and management. Synthesis. Ecological stability comprises multiple dimensions that together encapsulate how ecosystems respond to environmental change. Considering these multiple aspects of stability simultaneously often poses a problem in environmental assessments, which frequently require overarching indicators of risk or vulnerability. While an analysis of multiple dimensions allows for deeper exploration of mechanisms, here we develop and test a new univariate indicator that integrates stability aspects under a broad range of disturbance regimes. Using a modularized experiment in Swedish lakes, we show that this integrative measure captures multiple stability dimensions reflecting compositional and functional vulnerability and their relationships between them.
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