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- Hellström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Sensation weighting in duration discrimination : A univariate, multivariate, and varied-design study of presentation-order effects
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82, s. 3196-3220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stimulus discriminability is often assessed by comparisons of two successive stimuli: a fixed standard (St) and a varied comparison stimulus (Co). Hellstrom's sensation weighting (SW) model describes the subjective difference between St and Co as a difference between two weighted compounds, each comprising a stimulus and its internal reference level (ReL). The presentation order of St and Co has two important effects: Relative overestimation of one stimulus is caused by perceptual time-order errors (TOEs), as well as by judgment biases. Also, sensitivity to changes in Co tends to differ between orders StCo and CoSt: the Type B effect. In three duration discrimination experiments, difference limens (DLs) were estimated by an adaptive staircase method. The SW model was adapted for modeling of DLs generated with this method. In Experiments 1 and 2, St durations were 100, 215, 464, and 1,000 ms in separate blocks. TOEs and Type B effects were assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses, and were well accounted for by the SW model, suggesting that the two effects are closely related, as this model predicts. With short St durations, lower DLs were found with the order CoSt than with StCo, challenging alternative models. In Experiment 3, St durations of 100 and 215 ms, or 464 and 1,000 ms, were intermixed within a block. From the SW model this was predicted to shift the ReL for the first-presented interval, thereby also shifting the TOE. This prediction was confirmed, strengthening the SW model's account of the comparison of stimulus magnitudes.
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- Blom, Victoria, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological and behavioral reactivity when one's self-worth is staked on competence
- 2011
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Ingår i: Individual Differences Research. - 1541-745X .- 2169-3951. ; 9, s. 138-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contingent self-esteem, where one‟s self-value is staked on success and competence, is a particularly vulnerable disposition with impact on well-being. This study compared physiological and behavioral reactivity between individuals self-rated as high and low in competence based self-esteem (N = 61), in a performance situation. To assess reactivity we used a traditional overt measure of blood pressure and a novel, covert, measure of response force. The results show that high scorers in competence based self-esteem exhibited an overall pattern of stronger reactivity as indicated by higher blood pressure and response force as compared to low scorers.
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| 5. |
- Blom, Victoria, et al.
(författare)
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Prestationsbaserad självkänsla och anspänning i en prestationssituation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Stressforskningskongressen, 19-20 May 2008, Uppsala, Sverige.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contingent self-esteem built on achievements and competence on a basis of impoverished fundamental self-love is labeled Competence-Based Self-Esteem (CBSE). Individuals with this cognitive-motivational structure tend to drive themselves to the extent that they risk their own health in their striving to compensate for their low basic self-esteem. This means that CBSE is a disposition that increases an individual’s vulnerability to stress and potentially increases the risk for future health problems. This study compared physiological reactivity between high and low scorers (N = 61) on ‘The Competence Based Self-esteem Scale’ (Johnson & Blom, 2007) in a performance situation. To assess reactivity we used a traditional overt measure of blood pressure and a novel, covert measure of response force measured by a sensor installed in the computer mouse. The results showed that high scorers on the CBSE scale exhibited significantly stronger physiological reactivity indicated by higher blood pressure and more forceful responses, particularly in the first phase of the performance session, as compared to low scorers. Generally, the results suggest that, when expected to perform well, individuals with high CBSE strive harder and exhibit more tension and frustration compared to those with low CBSE. These results suggest that CBSE has behavioral consequences relevant for work-related stress and ill health.
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| 6. |
- Blom, Victoria, et al.
(författare)
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Pushing oneself to ill health : Competence based self-esteem and physical reactivity
- 2008
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Ingår i: Work, stress and health conference, 6-9 March 2008, Washington, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research indicates that people who have a low basic self-esteem and pursue success and competence in order to validate the self often exceed their limits. They tend to drive themselves hard to the extent that they risk their own health when striving to compensate an impoverished fundamental self-love. This vulnerable cognitive-motivational structure, labeled competence based self-esteem, is associated with wellbeing in general and with burnout in particular. The aim of the present study was to investigate experimentally the effects of Competence based self-esteem (CBSE; Johnson & Blom, 2007) by comparing high and low scorers on the scale regarding different indicators of physiological reactivity in a performance situation. On the basis of current theoretical accounts it follows that high scorers would exhibit more reactivity than low scorers.Physiological reactivity was measured by three indices of blood pressure and a non-intrusive assessment of response force, indicating momentary exertion, measured by way of a force sensor installed in the computer mouse. As a complementary index of reactivity each individual’s perceived arousal was assessed. The participants were 61 undergraduate students extracted from a pool of 220 students who had responded to a questionnaire with the CBSE scale.The results showed that high as compared to low scorers in CBSE scale exhibited significantly stronger physiological reactivity and strain/effort indicated by higher general blood pressure and more forceful responses, particularly in the first phase of the performance session. In addition, high scorers reported more perceived frustration, tension and anxiety than low scorers. Generally, the results indicate that individuals with high CBSE, when expected to perform well, strive harder with more tense and frustrated feelings than those with low CBSE. These results are in line with previous research and coincide well with the theoretical formulations behind the CBSE measure. They also suggest that CBSE has behavioral consequences with relevance for work related stress and illness. Further research will address the role of environmental stress factors for CBSE structure, which promises to shed new light on important aspects of occupational health.
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- Bååth, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Separating predictive responses from reactive responses in isochronous finger tapping using Bayesian hierarchical modeling
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics. ; 29, s. 72-72
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finger tapping to isochronous pacing stimuli is a well established experimental paradigm first described in the late 19th century. Two variables of common interest in rhythmic tapping tasks are timing variability and constant error. However, a difficulty when estimating these variables is that at interstimulus intervals longer than 2 seconds participants regularly overshoot the target interval and instead react to the pacing stimulus. These reactive responses result in a left skewed, non-normal response distribution, which can lead to underestimation of both the constant error and timing variability when using classical moment estimators such as the sample mean and standard deviation. A Bayesian hierarchical model is presented that models the timing responses as coming from a right censored normal distribution. Comparing this model with classical estimators using both simulated and experimental data shows that the Bayesian model measures timing variability and constant error more accurately and with less bias.
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| 8. |
- Englund, Mats P., et al.
(författare)
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An inexpensive and accurate method of measuring the force of responses in reaction time research
- 2009
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Psychonomic Society. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 41:4, s. 1254-1261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Together with reaction time (RT), the force with which people respond to stimuli can provide important clues about cognitive and affective processes. We discuss some of the issues surrounding the accurate measurement and interpretation of response force, and present a response key by which response force can be measured regularly and unobtrusively in RT research. The advantage of the response key described is that it operates like a standard response key of the type used regularly in classic RT experiments. The construction of the response key is described in detail and its potential assessed by way of an experiment examining response force in a simple reaction task to visual stimuli of increasing brightness and size.
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| 9. |
- Hellström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment and interpretation of bias in 2AFC stimulus comparison through chronometric analysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fechner Day 2011. - Raanana, Israel : International Society for Psychophysics.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Random-walk and diffusion models for two-choice comparison of paired successive or simultaneous stimuli focus on response time (RT), modeled as the time needed to reach one or the other barrier, and its relation to the response probabilities. Logit P1 = ln[P1/(1-P1)], where P1 is the probability of responding ”first greater,” can be seen as a measure of subjective stimulus difference, d. Signed response speed (SRS), ±1/RT with the sign of the response, yields another d measure. The two measures are highly correlated and, importantly, the intercept in the regression of logit P1 on mean SRS estimates the asymmetry of the starting point relative to the barriers, that is, the bias. New analyses of data from Patching, Englund, and Hellström (2011) show that this bias helps explain the variability of the time-and space order errors. Possible connections of the bias with the parameters in Hellström’s (2003) sensation-weighting (SW) model are explored.
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