| 1. |
- Kraxner, Florian, et al.
(författare)
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Planning the future forests: managing for wildlife in a climate constrained landscape
- 2017
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. - 9783902762887 ; , s. 655-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multipurpose functionality is a paradigm when it comes to forest management. This includes sustainability, resilience, stand stability, wildlife management, recreation, clean water and air, or healthy soils - to name a few. The world is aiming at a maximum global warming of 2-deg by 2100, but cumulative emissions are still rising. Higher temperatures are associated with higher risks of extreme events such as storm, flood, droughts, pests and fires etc. - and at the same time, forest systems are key for any mitigation activity to avoid such dangerous climate change. But how will a managed forest look like in the future? How can we understand the underlying dynamics and make our forests fit for the increased need for carbon storage, biomass for energy and sustainable wood and non-wood forest products like game, while maintaining biodiversity, recreational and protected areas. Moreover, we need to address all challenges on limited land and establish action from policy development allthe way to their implementation within a short time frame. Based on Sweden's forests, traditionally considered a role model for successfully bridging a multitude of demands, we present a modeling approach that should serve as a planning tool for enhancing forests' risk resilience and capacity of integrating diverse demands and different ecosystem-services. Guided by the expertise of Sweden's Environmental Protection Agency, national forest and habitat shift models from SLU and KTH will be linked with global land use models and engineering tools from IIASA. Hereby, special emphasis will be put on ecosystem services from wildlife, different scenarios of forest intensification and the optimization of biomass for bioenergy production. First estimates show that spatially explicit modeling can substantially support decision making by optimizing multipurpose use of both managed and protected areas and steering habitat shift for maintaining biodiversity and improving wildlife (game)management.
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| 2. |
- Mandova, Hana, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving carbon-neutral iron and steelmaking in Europe through the deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 218, s. 118-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 30 integrated steel plants operating in the European Union (EU) are among the largest single-point CO 2 emitters in the region. The deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) could significantly reduce their emission intensities. In detail, the results demonstrate that CO 2 emission reduction targets of up to 20% can be met entirely by biomass deployment. A slow CCS technology introduction on top of biomass deployment is expected, as the requirement for emission reduction increases further. Bio-CCS could then be a key technology, particularly in terms of meeting targets above 50%, with CO 2 avoidance costs ranging between €60 and €100 t CO2 −1 at full-scale deployment. The future of bio-CCS and its utilisation on a larger scale would therefore only be viable if such CO 2 avoidance cost were to become economically appealing. Small and medium plants in particular, would economically benefit from sharing CO 2 pipeline networks. CO 2 transport, however, makes a relatively small contribution to the total CO 2 avoidance cost. In the future, the role of bio-CCS in the European iron and steelmaking industry will also be influenced by non-economic conditions, such as regulations, public acceptance, realistic CO 2 storage capacity, and the progress of other mitigation technologies.
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| 3. |
- Mandova, Hana, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling bio-CCS deployment across iron and steel plants in Europe
- 2018
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Ingår i: GHGT 2018 - 14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. - : Elsevier.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iron and steel production is highly reliant on coal, which makes integrated steel plants one of the largest single point CO2 emitters. Technologies that would significantly reduce their coal consumption are currently still at pilot scale. Hence opportunities for bioenergy and CCS as emission reduction strategies are evaluated, as they could be directly integrated within the existing iron and steelmaking setup. At the same time, their co-application – referred to as bio-CCS – can further enhance the emission reduction potential of each one of them. This can result in low-carbon steelmaking emitting over 80% less emissions in comparison to today, which would satisfy the EU targets set for 2050. This work gives an overview of modelling bio-CCS systems, specifically incorporated within the techno-economic BeWhere model, focusing on the deployment of bio-CCS across the integrated steel plants in Europe. The obtained results give an estimate of the average CO2 avoidance cost of 86 € tCO2-1, but high variation is present across the individually plants, ranging between 62 and 114 € tCO2-1. Overall, bio-CCS provides an opportunity to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions occurring on-site (when assuming carbon neutrality of biomass). Modelling possibilities for bio-CCS integration is complex, due to a sophisticated and unique setup of energy usage across each integrated plant together with multiple social-technical factors that may limit their CO2 transport and storage. Introduction of numerous assumptions is hence necessary to overcome those barriers, particularly related to issues on data availability.
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| 4. |
- Mesfun, Sennai, et al.
(författare)
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Spatio-temporal assessment of integrating intermittent electricity in the EU and Western Balkans power sector under ambitious CO2 emission policies
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 164, s. 676-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work investigates a power dispatch system that aims to supply the power demand of the EU and Western Balkans (EUWB) based on low-carbon generation units, enabled by the expansion of biomass, solar, and wind based electricity. A spatially explicit techno-economic optimization tool simulates the EUWB power sector to explore the dispatch of new renewable electricity capacity on a EUWB scale, under ambitious CO2 emission policies. The results show that utility-scale deployment of renewable electricity is feasible and can contribute about 9–39% of the total generation mix, for a carbon price range of 0–200 €/tCO2and with the existing capacities of the cross-border transmission network. Even without any explicit carbon incentive (carbon price of 0 €/tCO2), more than 35% of the variable power in the most ambitious CO2 mitigation scenario (carbon price of 200 €/tCO2) would be economically feasible to deploy. Spatial assessment of bio-electricity potential (based on forest and agriculture feedstock) showed limited presence in the optimal generation mix (0–6%), marginalizing its effect as baseload. Expansion of the existing cross-border transmission capacities helps even out the variability of solar and wind technologies, but may also result in lower installed RE capacity in favor of state-of-the-art natural gas with relatively low sensitivity to increasing carbon taxes. A sensitivity analysis of the investment cost, even under a low-investment scenario and at the high end of the CO2 price range, showed natural gas remains at around 11% of the total generation, emphasizing how costly it would be to achieve the final percentages toward a 100% renewable system.
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| 5. |
- Patrizio, Piera, et al.
(författare)
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Killing two birds with one stone : a negative emissions strategy for a soft landing of the US coal sector
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 219-236
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a modeling study, optimizing the transformation of the US coal sector to achieve emissions reductions consistent with the 2°C target, we include all current coal-fired power plants of the US fleet, a large part of which will need to be replaced due to their high age. Coal-fired power plants can either be (1) replaced by higher efficiency coal plants or (2) natural gas plants while units are not yet at the end of their lifetime and can be (3) retrofitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or (4) retrofitted to cofire coal and biomass coupled with CCS (BECCS) thereby achieving negative emissions. Our results show that if the 2°C emissions mitigation target should be achieved, the cost-optimal way of doing so is through an early implementation of BECCS. This strategy also helps to address the US Administrations’ concern for coal workers: there is a more gradual phaseout of coal, which allows to retain 40,000 jobs that would be loss due to the fleet retirement for aging. In addition, 22,000 new workers would be permanently employed in the coal sector by the end of midcentury, especially in areas where the deployments of BECCS would start already by 2030. Our modeling results indicate the Great Lakes area and the southeast United States as the greatest winners of this negative emissions strategy. If planned in an integrated and forward-looking way, climate change mitigation can boost employment and competitiveness.
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| 6. |
- Patrizio, Piera, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing US Coal Emissions Can Boost Employment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Joule. - : Elsevier. - 2542-4351. ; 2:12, s. 2633-2648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concerns have been voiced that implementing climate change mitigation measures could come at the cost of employment, especially in the context of the US coal sector. However, repurposing US coal plants presents an opportunity to address emission mitigation and job creation, if the right technology change is adopted. In this study, the transformation of the US coal sector until 2050 is modeled to achieve ambitious climate targets. Results show that the cost-optimal strategy for meeting 2050 emission reductions consistent with 2°C stabilization pathways is through the early deployment of BECCS and by replacing 50% of aging coal plants with natural gas plants. This strategy addresses the concerns surrounding employment for coal workers by retaining 40,000 jobs, and creating 22,000 additional jobs by mid-century. Climate change mitigation does not have to come at the cost of employment, and policymakers could seek to take advantage of the social co-benefits of mitigation.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Xylia, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of bus electrification on carbon emissions : The case of Stockholm
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 209, s. 74-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the potential impact of various options for decarbonization of public bus transport in Stockholm, with particular attention to electrification. An optimization model is used to locate electric bus chargers and to estimate the associated carbon emissions, using a life cycle perspective and various implementation scenarios. Emissions associated with fuels and batteries of electric powertrains are considered to be the two main factors affecting carbon emissions. The results show that, although higher battery capacities could help electrify more routes of the city's bus network, this does not necessarily lead to a reduction of the total emissions. The results show the lowest life cycle emissions occurring when electric buses use batteries with a capacity of 120 kWh. The fuel choices significantly influence the environmental impact of a bus network. For example, the use of electricity is a better choice than first generation biofuels from a carbon emission perspective. However, the use of second -generation biofuels, such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), can directly compete with the Nordic electricity mix. Among all fuel options, certified renewable electricity has the lowest impact. The analysis also shows that electrification could be beneficial for reduction of local pollutants in the Stockholm inner city; however, the local emissions of public transport are much lower than emissions from private transport.
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| 9. |
- Xylia, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of bus electrification on carbon emissions: the case of Stockholm
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the potential impact of various options for decarbonization of public bus transport in Stockholm, with particular attention to electrification. An optimization model is used for locating electric bus chargers and estimating the associated carbon emissions, using a life cycle perceptive and various implementation scenarios. Emissions associated with fuels and batteries of electric powertrains are considered to be the two main factors affecting carbon emissions. The model is applied to the city of Stockholm, Sweden. The results show that, although higher battery capacities could help electrify more routes of the city’s bus network, this does not necessarily lead to a reduction of the total emissions. The results show the lowest climate change impact occurring when electric buses use batteries with a capacity of 120 kWh. The fuel choices influence significantly the environmental impact of a bus network. For example, the use of electricity is a better choice than first generation biofuels from a carbon emission perspective. However, the use of second generation biofuels, such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), can directly compete with the Nordic electricity mix. Among all fuel options, certified renewable electricity has the lowest impact. The analysis also shows that electrification couldbe beneficial for local pollutant reduction in Stockholm inner city even though the local emissions of publictransport are much lower than emissions from private transport.
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| 10. |
- Xylia, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Locating charging infrastructure for electric buses in Stockholm
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Elsevier. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 78:2017, s. 183-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Charging infrastructure requirements are being largely debated in the context of urban energy planning for transport electrification. As electric vehicles are gaining momentum, the issue of locating and securing the availability, efficiency and effectiveness of charging infrastructure becomes a complex question that needs to be addressed. This paper presents the structure and application of a model developed for optimizing the distribution of charging infrastructure for electric buses in the urban context, and tests the model for the bus network of Stockholm. The major public bus transport hubs connecting to the train and subway system show the highest concentration of locations chosen by the model for charging station installation. The costs estimated are within an expected range when comparing to the annual bus public transport costs in Stockholm. The model could be adapted for various urban contexts to promptly assist in the transition to fossil-free bus transport. The total costs for the operation of a partially electrified bus system in both optimization cases considered (cost and energy) differ only marginally from the costs for a 100% biodiesel system. This indicates that lower fuel costs for electric buses can balance the high investment costs incurred in building charging infrastructure, while achieving a reduction of up to 51% in emissions and up to 34% in energy use in the bus fleet.
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