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- Friman, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility of Voluntary Reduction of Private Car Use
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many countries are today facing substantial environmental and societal costs of private car use such as congestion, noise, and air pollution. Transport authorities therefore implement various policy measures that aim to modify or reduce private car use. These are generally referred to as Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures.In this research report we propose a classification of the various TDM-measures, encompassing the specific characteristics of each, how the various measures may be distinguished from each other and to what extent they may interact, as well as how effective they are in modifying or reducing private car use.A theoretical framework is proposed next, to account for how the TDM measures impact on car users’ change in travel behaviour. The theoretical framework posits that, if a change goal is set, it is followed by forming plans to attain the set goal (e.g., to change from using the car to using alternative modes). A principle of cost-minimization is proposed that describes how car users incrementally implement plans to achieve their set goals.A review of voluntary travel-behavior change (VTBC) programs shows that in general the VTBC-related TDM measures are effective. Yet, it is still unclear whether these positive effects are long-term. Furthermore, the positive effects are apparently only observed for motivated (and self-selected) participants and not even necessarily for all of them unless some facilitating conditions are fulfilled. However, the VTBC measures meet with higher public acceptance, are politically feasible, and cost-effective.It is argued that more research is needed to answer the questions of when and why VTBC measures work, wherein also a closer investigation into which individual and situational factors it is that generates the positive effect.
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- Gidofalvi, Gyözö, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Highly scalable trip grouping for large-scale collective transportation systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Advances in Database Technology - EDBT 2008 - 11th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Press. - 9781595939265 ; , s. 678-689
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transportation–related problems, like road congestion, parking, and pollution, are increasing in most cities. In order to reduce traffic, recent work has proposed methods for vehicle sharing, for example for sharing cabs by grouping “closeby” cab requests and thus minimizing transportation cost and utilizing cab space. However, the methods published so far do not scale to large data volumes, which is necessary to facilitate large–scale collective transportation systems, e.g., ride–sharing systems for large cities. This paper presents highly scalable trip grouping algorithms, which generalize previous techniques and support input rates that can be orders of magnitude larger. The following three contributions make the grouping algorithms scalable. First, the basic grouping algorithm is expressed as a continuous stream query in a data stream management system to allow for a very large flow of requests. Second, following the divide–and–conquer paradigm, four space–partitioning policies for dividing the input data stream into sub–streams are developed and implemented using continuous stream queries. Third, using the partitioning policies, parallel implementations of the grouping algorithm in a parallel computing environment are described. Extensive experimental results show that the parallel implementation using simple adaptive partitioning methods can achieve speed–ups of several orders of magnitude without significantly degrading the quality of the grouping.
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- Gidófalvi, Gyözö, et al.
(författare)
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Highly Scalable Trip Grouping for Large Scale Collective Transportation Systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proc. 11th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, EDBT 2008.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transportation–related problems, like road congestion, park-ing, and pollution are increasing in most cities. In order toreduce traffic, recent work has proposed methods for vehiclesharing, for example for sharing cabs by grouping “closeby”cab requests and thus minimizing transportation cost andutilizing cab space. However, the methods proposed so fardo not scale to large data volumes, which is necessary tofacilitate large scale collective transportation systems, e.g.,ride–sharing systems for large cities.This paper presents highly scalable “trip grouping” algo-rithms, that generalize previous techniques and support in-put rates that can be orders of magnitude larger. The follow-ing three contributions make the grouping algorithms scal-able. First, the basic grouping algorithm is expressed as acontinuous stream query in a data stream management sys-tem to allow for very large flows of requests. Second, follow-ing the divide–and–conquer paradigm, four space–partition-ing policies for dividing the input data stream into sub–streams are developed and implemented using continuousstream queries. Third, using the partitioning policies, par-allel implementations of the grouping algorithm in a paral-lel computing environment are described. Extensive experi-mental results show that the parallel implementation usingsimple adaptive partitioning methods can achieve speed–upsof several orders of magnitudes without significantly effect-ing the quality of the grouping.
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- Hörslev-Pedersen, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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The aminoterminal-type-III procollagen pepetide and proteoglycans in serum and synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or reactive arthritis.
- 1988
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Ingår i: Rheumatology International. - 1437-160X. ; 8, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of aminoterminal-type-III procollagen (procollagen N-) peptide, and of proteoglycans were measured in knee-joint synovial fluid and serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or reactive arthritis. All synovial fluids contained large amounts of intact propeptide. The synovial fluid: serum propeptide ratios were high, suggesting local propeptide liberation. A correlation was demonstrated between the propeptide concentration in synovial fluid and in serum. In rheumatoid arthritis, the propeptide concentration in synovial fluid was related to local inflammatory activity, and the serum concentration was correlated with the presence of nonspecific markers of inflammation. The presence of smaller propeptide fragments in synovial fluid indicated that some degradation occurred locally. The local metabolic changes were most prominent in patients with joint erosions. Patients with nonerosive rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis had similar synovial fluid propeptide concentrations. The proteoglycan content of synovial fluid was inversely related to the degree of joint destruction, and was highest in patients with reactive arthritis. No correlation was observed between the concentrations of propeptide and proteoglycan in synovial fluid. Intraarticular glucocorticoid injection reduced the levels of propeptide and proteoglycan in synovial fluid
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- Johansen, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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A multidisciplinary definition of privacy labels
- 2022
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Ingår i: Information and Computer Security. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2056-4961. ; 30:3, s. 452-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This paper aims to present arguments about how a complex concept of privacy labeling can be a solution to the current state of privacy. Design/methodology/approach The authors give a precise definition of Privacy Labeling (PL), painting a panoptic portrait from seven different perspectives: Business, Legal, Regulatory, Usability and Human Factors, Educative, Technological and Multidisciplinary. They describe a common vision, proposing several important "traits of character" of PL as well as identifying "undeveloped potentialities", i.e. open problems on which the community can focus. Findings This position paper identifies the stakeholders of the PL and their needs with regard to privacy, describing how PL should be and look like to address these needs. Main aspects considered are the PL's educational power to change people's knowledge of privacy, tools useful for constructing PL and the possible visual appearances of PL. They also identify how the present landscape of privacy certifications could be improved by PL. Originality/value The authors adopt a multidisciplinary approach to defining PL as well as give guidelines in the form of goals, characteristics, open problems, starting points and a roadmap for creating the ideal PL.
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