| 1. |
- Gepner, B. D., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of GHBMC, THUMS and SAFER Human Body Models in Frontal Impacts in Reclined Postures
- 2022
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2022-September, s. 116-143
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Virtual tools, such as human body models (HBMs), can support advances in vehicle development and restraint system design. The goal of this study is to evaluate selected HBMs against data from recent reclined post-mortem human subject (PMHS) tests. Three HBMs - the Global Human Body Modelling Consortium detailed model v.6.0, Total Human Model for Safety v.6.0, and SAFER HBM v.10 - were used in this study. The models were positioned with respect to the average PMHS position and utlised a previously developed environment model. The HBMs were evaluated comparing belt engagement, boundary forces and displacements (in the seat and belt), and the trajectories of the head, T1, T8, T11, L1, L3, and pelvis. The HBMs' belt engagement, boundary forces and displacements, and X-direction (fore-aft) trajectories were all generally consistent with the PMHS. All HBMs predicted more downward motion of the head and T1 compared to the PMHS. The HBMs also showed rearward pelvis pitch at peak lap belt force, opposite to the PMHS. Some of these differences were associated with differences in flexion of the lumbar spine. This is the first study to provide an in-depth evaluation of multiple reclined HBMs in frontal crashes compared to reclined PMHS.
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| 2. |
- Perez-Rapela, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of the simplified GHBMC to PMHS kinematics in far-side impact
- 2019
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; , s. 260-281
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Far-side impacts represent 9.5% of all automobile crashes and 8.3% of all MAIS3+ injuries. This type of event generates loads that challenge current restraint systems by setting the occupant in an inward motion. This complex motion, influenced by a number of restraint and impact parameters, often results in a loss of shoulder-to-belt contact. Existing Anthropomorphic Test Devices show limited ability to represent post-mortem human subject kinematics and sensitivity to restraint and impact parameters. Therefore, Human Body Models can play a fundamental role in understanding human response in this impact scenario. This study compares the simplified GHBMC to previously published post-mortem human subject kinematics and sensitivity to restraint and impact parameters. Results show that, in general, the simplified GHBMC captures lateral excursion in oblique impact conditions but overpredicts in purely lateral impact conditions. The simplified GHBMC shows post-mortem human subject like sensitivities to changes in ?V and the use of pretensioner but no sensitivity to changes in impact direction. The human body model performs similarly to other previously published HBMs and obtains a “good” CORA score. However, the surrogate does not represent post-mortem human subject shoulder-to-belt interaction in all configurations.
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| 3. |
- Perez-Rapela, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of WorldSID to PMHS kinematics in far-side impact
- 2018
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2018-September, s. 630-654
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Far-side impacts represent 9.5% of all automobile crashes and 8.3% of all MAIS3+ injuries. This type of event generates loads that challenge current restraint systems by setting the occupant on an inward motion. This complex motion, influenced by a number of restraint and impact parameters, often results in a loss of shoulder-to-belt contact. Reducing the negative outcomes of this type of crash requires an ATD capable of correctly representing the kinematics and sensitivity to restraint and impact parameters. The WorldSID is the most advanced ATD for injury evaluation in near-side crashes. However, its suitability for far-side scenarios still needs to be evaluated. This study performed a parametric evaluation of the effect of restraint and impact parameters on WorldSID kinematics. A total of 19 tests in six different test configurations were conducted, matching previously published PMHS tests. The ATD motion was tracked with a 3D high-speed motion-capture system. The parameters varied were: the impact severity and direction; D-ring position; pelvic restraint; and seat belt pretensioning. The ATD response and sensitivity to parameters were evaluated and compared to previously published PMHS data. The results show discrepancies in shoulder-belt engagement, head and torso kinematics and sensitivity to initial conditions.
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| 4. |
- Pipkorn, Bengt, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Occupant protection in far-side impacts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2018-September, s. 76-105
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential injury reducing benefits by a far-side airbag was evaluated by means of human body modelling (HBM). The human body model (HBM) was validated for far side evaluation by means of PMHS tests carried out under six simplified far-side impact conditions. A CORrelation Analysis (CORA) rating was carried out. Based on the CORA score and the proposed biofidelity evaluation procedure the model was considered valid to be used in evaluation of far-side impact countermeasures. The HBM was thereafter positioned in a sled model developed based on the proposed Euro-NCAP 2020 protocol. The predicted risk of rib fractures and lateral head excursion was evaluated both with and without far-side airbag. The proposed far-side airbag was found to reduce head excursion and rib fracture risk in far-side impacts from 900 to 150 impact angles. To assess Euro-NCAP far-side sled test rating performance, a 50%-ile WorldSID crash dummy model was positioned in the sled model. Without countermeasure, the head displacement exceeded the occupant interaction limit. With far-side airbag the head excursion limit was not exceeded. The far-side airbag also reduced chest deflection from above the high-performance limit to below, such that a full score was obtained also for the chest evaluation.
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| 5. |
- Pipkorn, Bengt, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the SAFER Human Body Model Kinematics in Far-Side Impacts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2021-September, s. 444-476
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human Body Models are essential for real-world occupant protection assessment. With the overall purpose to create a robust human body model which is biofidelic in a variety of crash situations, this study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the SAFER human body model in far-side impacts. The pelvis, torso and the upper and lower extremities of the SAFER human body model were updated. In addition, the shoulder area was updated for improved shoulder belt interaction in far-side impacts. The model was validated using kinematic corridors based on published human subject test data from two far-side impact set-ups, one simplified and one vehicle- based. The simplified far-side set-up included six configurations with different parameter settings, and the vehicle-based included two configurations: with and without far-side airbag, respectively. The updated SAFER HBM was robust and in general the model predicted the published human subject responses (kinematic CORA score > 0.65) for all configurations in both test set-ups. An exception was a 90 degree far-side impact with the D-ring in the forward position, in the simplified set-up. Here the model could not predict the shoulder belt retention, resulting in a low CORA score. Based on the overall results, the model is considered valid to be used for assessment of far-side impact countermeasures.
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