| 1. |
- Andersson, Mathias H, et al.
(författare)
-
A framework for regulating underwater noise during pile driving
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pile driving is a common technique used during the construction of bridges, offshore wind power, and underwater infrastructure or shoreline structures. It is the process by which a foundation, beam or pole is hammered or vibrated down into the bottom, which can generate extremely loud noise that propagates throughout the surrounding water and sediment. The noise can reach such high levels that marine animals are at risk of disturbance, injury or even death.Sweden currently lacks established thresholds stating the level at which underwater noise potentially disturbs or injures marine animals. Hence, there are no guidance values for allowable underwater noise levels from noiseproducing activities to avoid serious environmental impacts. Several countries in Europe have defined thresholds for when underwater noise can result in severe negative environmental impacts as well as standards for measuring, analysing and reporting underwater noise levels.The purpose of this study is to review the scientific literature on underwater noise from pile driving and its effects on marine life. The study aims to define the noise levels that can cause injury and other negative effects and, on this basis, recommend noise levels that can be used to establish guidance values for regulating underwater noise for Swedish waters and species. The study presents examples of the factors that contribute to sound propagation in Swedish waters and how this influences the noise level from a pile strike as a function of distance at four study areas along the Swedish coast. Additionally, the study contains a thorough technical description of pile driving activities, basic underwater acoustics and noise effects on marine animals. These effects (injury and behavioral, e.g., flight, but not subtle effects) are demonstrated on representative species such as the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and on fish larvae and eggs. The study’s authors look atthe original sources of information that other countries base their guidelines and thresholds on, so the recommendations follow scientifically determined levels rather than values that have been rounded off or otherwise altered.The study presents sound levels in three different units, each with different biological relevance to the effects caused by a pile driving activity. None of the sound levels have been frequency weighted for a specific species, as this method is not yet fully established. The first unit used is the sound pressure level SPL(peak), which is the maximum overpressure or underpressure of the noise pulse generated by the pile strike. This unit has a high relevance for behavioural effects. The sound exposure level, SEL, is the calculated energy level over a period of time and expresses the energy of the entire sound pulse. SEL is the unit most related to hearing impairing effects. SEL(ss) is the value for a single strike while SEL(cum) is the cumulative value of a determined number of pulses over a period of time. The review revealed that for Atlantic cod and Atlantic herring there are currently no studies that can be used to determine a species’ specific threshold value for injury, but studies show that loud noise can affect both species negatively. Because of this, the recommended noise levels for injury are based mainly on studies on other species exposed to pile driving noise in laboratory environments, supported by studies conducting large-scale experiments in tanks and oceans. The levels at which fish are at risk of death or sustaining serious injury to internal organs is SPL 207 dB re 1 μPa, SEL(ss) 174 dB re 1 μPa2s and SEL(cum) 204 dB re 1 μPa2s. Note that for injury in fish, the cumulative sound exposure level has higher relevance than the single-strike level as the cited studies found injuries after a certain time period of exposure. The thresholds for fish larvae and eggs are based on the fact that no negative effects were observed at exposures of up to SPL(peak) 217 dB re 1 μPa, SEL(ss) 187 dB re 1 μPa2s and SEL(cum) 207 dB re 1 μPa2s. However, there are relatively few studies on early life stages of fish. There are more species-specific studies on harbour porpoises regarding noise than there are for Atlantic cod and Atlantic herring. Nonetheless, only a few can be used to determine thresholds that will lead to injury or negative behavioural effects. The levels at which there is a risk of a temporary impact on hearing, i.e. temporary threshold shift (TTS), for the harbour porpoises is SPL(peak) 194 dB re 1 μPa, SEL(ss) 164 dB re 1 μPa2s and SEL(cum) 175 dB re 1 μPa2s. When it comes to TTS, the cumulative sound exposure level, SEL(cum), is of primary importance. However, this unit is dependent on a specific time and number of pulses. For permanent threshold shift (PTS), the level is set to SPL(peak) 200 dB re 1 μPa, SEL(ss) 179 dB re 1 μPa2s and SEL(cum) 190 dB re 1 μPa2s. The recommended level should be revised as new relevant studies are conducted.
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Mathias H., et al.
(författare)
-
Underlag för reglering av undervattensljud vid pålning
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vid byggnation av broar, havsbaserad vindkraft och andra havsbaserade eller strandnära konstruktioner används det oftast någon form av pålningsteknik för att få ner konstruktionen i botten. Detta innebär att ett fundament, balk eller spont hamras eller vibreras ner i botten, vilket kan generera mycket höga ljudnivåer som sprids ut i vattnet och ner i botten. Ljudnivåerna är så höga att marina organismer kan störas, skadas eller till och med dödas. Idag saknar Sverige fastställda ljudnivåer för när undervattensbuller blir så högt att de kan skada djur i havet. Det saknas därför också vedertagna begränsningsvärden som anger vilka nivåer av undervattensbuller som kan tillåtas för bullrande aktiviteter utan att riskera allvarliga miljöeffekter. Flera länder i Europa har någon form av gränsvärden för när bullernivån under vattnet kan ge upphov till allvarlig miljöpåverkan liksom standarder för hur undervattensbuller skall mätas och rapporteras. Syftet med denna studie var att ta fram ett vetenskapligt underlag rörande ljudet från pålning i havet och dess påverkan på det marina livet. Slutmålet var att utifrån den vetenskapliga information som finns idag ge förslag på ljudnivåer för skador och negativ påverkan som sedan kan användas för att ta fram begränsningsvärden för reglering av undervattensbuller anpassade för svenska vatten och arter. Studien ger ett antal exempel på vilka faktorer som påverkar ljudutbredningen i svenska vatten och hur detta påverkar ett pålningsslags ljudnivå som funktion av avstånd i fyra typområden kring den svenska kusten. Vidare presenteras ingående både tekniska beskrivningar av pålningsaktiviteter, undervattensakustik samt påverkan på marina djur. Denna påverkan (skada och flyktbeteende men ej subtila effekter) demonstreras med hjälp av ett antal typarter som tandvalen tumlare (Phocoena phocoena) och fiskarterna torsk (Gadus morhua) och sill (Clupea clupea) samt fiskägg och fisklarver. I denna studie har författarna gått tillbaka till de originalkällor av information som andra länders gränsvärden grundas på, så att rekommendationerna bygger på vetenskapliga nivåer och inte värden som har avrundats eller på annat sätt ändrats.Studien presenterar ljudnivåer i tre olika enheter då dessa har olika biologisk relevans för påverkan från en pålningsaktivitet. Inga av dessa värden har frekvensviktats för att anpassas för en specifik art då denna metod ännu inte är helt vedertagen. Den första enheten är ljudtrycksnivå SPL(topp), d.v.s. det maximala över- eller undertryck som den av pålningsslaget genererade ljudpulsen har. Denna enhet har hög relevans för beteendepåverkan. För ljudexponeringsnivå SEL, beräknas ljudnivån över en viss tid och tar då med energin i hela ljudpulsen. SEL är den enhet som visats vara bäst relaterad till hörselskador. SEL(enkel) är värdet för en enkel puls och för det kumulativa SEL(kum) har antalet pulser under en viss tid summerats.Litteraturstudien på torsk och sill visar att det i dagsläget inte finns några studier som kan användas för att fastställa en artspecifik ljudnivå för skada men litteraturen visar tydligt på att höga bullernivåer kan påverka torsk och sill negativt. Istället baseras de föreslagna nivåerna i huvudsak på studier på andra arter som har exponerats för pålningsljud i laboratoriemiljö med stöd av studier från mer storskaliga experiment i tankar och hav. De nivåer då fisk riskerar att dödas eller få allvarliga skador på inre organ är 207 dB re 1 μPa SPL(topp), 174 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(enkel) och 204 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(kum). Notera att för skada på fisk har det kumulativa värdet högre relevans än enkelvärdet för SEL eftersom studier visar att skador uppkommer efter en viss tids exponering. Nivåerna för påverkan på fiskägg och larver grundas i att inga negativa effekter har observerats vid exponering för ljudtryck från pålning upp till 217 dB re 1 μPa SPL(topp), 187 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(enkel) och 207 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(kum). Det finns emellertid mycket få studier relaterat till pålningsljud för dessa livsstadier. För tumlare finns det fler artspecifika studier gjorda relaterat till buller än för torsk och sill. Det är dock endast ett fåtal som kan användas för att bestämma ljudnivåer som leder till skada eller negativ beteendepåverkan. De ljudnivåer som riskerar ge tillfällig hörselnedsättning (TTS) hos tumlare är 194 dB re 1 μPa SPL(topp), 164 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(enkel) och 175 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(kum). Det är framförallt den kumulativa ljudexponeringsnivån SEL(kum) som har stor betydelse för just TTS, dock hänger detta värde ihop med en specifik tid och antalet pulser vilket kan vara svårt att uppskatta i förväg. Vidare avseende permanent hörselskada (PTS) är ljudnivån 200 dB re 1 μPa SPL(topp), 179 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(enkel) och 190 dB re 1 μPa2s SEL(kum). Föreslagna nivåer bör uppdateras när nya relevanta forskningsstudier tillkommer.
|
|
| 3. |
- Aronson, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
Confessio Augustana : Augsburgska Bekännelsen: Nyöversatt och kommenterad
- 2017
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Confessio Augustana utgavs år 1530 och utgör en av den reformatoriska rörelsens centrala dokument och har även använts som en ekumenisk utgångspunkt. Denna utgåva av Augsburgska bekännelsen är en nyöversättning med kommentarer av Rune Söderlund. Utgåvan innehåller även en parafrasering, av Hans Lindholm, som gör texten ännu mer lättillgänglig. Den svenska texten presenteras parallellt med originaltexten på latin.Augsburgska bekännelsen är en nyöversättning med kommentarer av Rune Söderlund. Utgåvan innehåller även en parafrasering, av Hans Lindholm, som gör texten ännu mer lättillgänglig. Den svenska texten presenteras parallellt med originaltexten på latin.
|
|
| 4. |
- El-sagheir, Ahmed M. Kamal, et al.
(författare)
-
Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, Biological Activity, and Mechanism of Action of Novel Amino Acid Derivatives of Norfloxacin
- 2023
-
Ingår i: ACS Omega. - 2470-1343. ; 8:45, s. 43271-43284
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two series of N4-substituted piperazinyl amino acid derivatives of norfloxacin (24 new compounds) were designed and synthesized to attain structural surrogates with additional binding sites and enhanced antibacterial activity. Synthesized derivatives showed increased antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity compared to their lead structure, norfloxacin. Molecular modeling studies supported the notion that the derivatives can establish additional bonds with the target enzymes gyrase and topoisomerase IV. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays confirmed that the tested compounds were significant inhibitors of these enzymes. Inhibition of gyrase and topoisomerase IV was then confirmed in living bacterial cells using bacterial cytological profiling of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, revealing a typical topoisomerase inhibition phenotype characterized by severe nucleoid packing defects. Several derivatives exhibited additional effects on the Gram-positive cell wall synthesis machinery and/or the cytoplasmic membrane, which likely contributed to their increased antibacterial activity. While we could not identify specific cell wall or membrane targets, membrane depolarization was not observed. Our experiments further suggest that cell wall synthesis inhibition most likely occurs outside the membrane-bound lipid II cycle.
|
|
| 5. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
-
Qualitative Risk Analysis of Dangerous Goods with Alternative Propellants
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Proceedings from the 4th International Conference on Fire in Vehicles - FIVE 2016. ; , s. 247-248
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This qualitative risk analysis of dangerous goods transports with alternative propellants was ordered by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB). Scenario combinations consisted of five alternative fuels, six accident scenarios and five types of dangerous goods cargo. The alternative fuels were: methane, hydrogen, ethanol, methanol and dimethyl ether. The accident scenarios consisted of refuelling, fire in tire or engine, tunnel accident, road collision and sabotage of fuel tank. The dangerous goods were limited to: ammonium nitrate, petrol/diesel, methane, ethyl chloride, and EX/II cargo as defined in the ADR regulation. The main identified risks are due to the risk of pressure vessel explosion of gaseous fuels as it: 1) Threatens to detonate explosive load or ammonium nitrate. 2) Cause rescue service to take a defensive approach which will lead to larger consequences. Since there are sustainable liquid fuel alternatives such as bio diesel, this may be a better choice for dangerous goods transportation.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hellström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
GABAergic anxiolytic drug in water increases migration behaviour in salmon
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migration is an important life-history event in a wide range of taxa, yet many migrations are influenced by anthropogenic change. Although migration dynamics are extensively studied, the potential effects of environmental contaminants on migratory physiology are poorly understood. In this study we show that an anxiolytic drug in water can promote downward migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in both laboratory setting and in a natural river tributary. Exposing salmon smolt to a dilute concentration of a GABAA receptor agonist (oxazepam) increased migration intensity compared with untreated smolt. These results implicate that salmon migration may be affected by human-induced changes in water chemical properties, such as acidification and pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluent, via alterations in the GABAA receptor function.
|
|
| 7. |
- Kamal El-Sagheir, Ahmed M., et al.
(författare)
-
N4-Substituted Piperazinyl Norfloxacin Derivatives with Broad-Spectrum Activity and Multiple Mechanisms on Gyrase, Topoisomerase IV, and Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
- 2023
-
Ingår i: ACS Bio and Med Chem Au. - 2694-2437. ; 3:6, s. 494-506
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluoroquinolones are an important class of antibiotics with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antitubercular activity. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of 38 N4-substituted piperazinyl norfloxacin derivatives. Their activity and mechanism of action were characterized using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Several compounds displayed interesting activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and few displayed antimycobacterial activity, whereby some were as potent as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Molecular docking experiments suggested that the new derivatives inhibit both DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV in a similar manner as norfloxacin. Selecting the most promising candidates for experimental mode of action analysis, we confirmed DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV as targets of all tested compounds using enzymatic in vitro assays. Phenotypic analysis of both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis confirmed a typical gyrase inhibition phenotype for all of the tested compounds. Assessment of possible additional targets revealed three compounds with unique effects on the B. subtilis cell wall synthesis machinery, suggesting that they may have an additional target in this pathway. Comparison with known cell wall synthesis inhibitors showed that the new compounds elicit a distinct and, so far, unique phenotype, suggesting that they act differently from known cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Interestingly, our phenotypic analysis revealed that both norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin displayed additional cellular effects as well, which may be indicative of the so far unknown additional mechanisms of fluoroquinolones.
|
|
| 8. |
- Lagesson, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
-
No evidence of increased growth or mortality in fish exposed to oxazepam in semi-natural ecosystems
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 615, s. 608-614
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increasing number of short-term laboratory studies on fish reports behavioral effects from exposure to aquatic contaminants or raised carbon dioxide levels affecting the GABAAreceptor. However, how such GABAergic behavioral modifications (GBMs) impact populations in more complex natural systems is not known. In this study, we induced GBMs in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) via exposure to a GABA agonist (oxazepam) and followed the effects on growth and survival over one summer (70 days) in replicated pond ecosystems. We hypothesized that anticipated GBMs, expressed as anti-anxiety like behaviors (higher activity and boldness levels), that increase feeding rates in laboratory assays, would; i) increase growth and ii) increase mortality from predation. To test our hypotheses, 480 PIT tagged perch of known individual weights, and 12 predators (northern pike, Esox lucius) were evenly distributed in 12 ponds; six control (no oxazepam) and six spiked (15.5 ± 4 μg l− 1 oxazepam [mean ± 1 S.E.]) ponds. Contrary to our hypotheses, even though perch grew on average 16% more when exposed to oxazepam, we found no significant difference between exposed and control fish in growth (exposed: 3.9 ± 1.2 g, control: 2.9 ± 1 g [mean ± 1 S.E.], respectively) or mortality (exposed: 26.5 ± 1.8 individuals pond− 1, control: 24.5 ± 2.6 individuals pond− 1, respectively). In addition, we show that reduced prey capture efficiency in exposed pike may explain the lack of significant differences in predation. Hence, our results suggest that GBMs, which in laboratory studies impact fish behavior, and subsequently also feeding rates, do not seem to generate strong effects on growth and predation-risk in more complex and resource limited natural environments.
|
|
| 9. |
- Lind, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Contact patterns and costs of multiple sclerosis in the Swedish healthcare system : A population-based quantitative study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279 .- 2162-3279. ; 12:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The burden of disease for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and society is changing due to new treatments. Knowledge about the total need for care is necessary in relation to changing needs and new service models.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the contact patterns for MS patients, calculate costs in health care, and create meaningful subgroups to analyze contact patterns.METHODS: All patients diagnosed with MS at Ryhov Hospital were included. All contacts in the region from January 1, 2018, until September 30, 2019, were retrieved from the hospital administrative system. Data about age, sex, contacts, and diagnosis were registered. The cost was calculated using case costing, and costs for prescriptions were calculated from medical files.RESULTS: During the 21-month period, patients (n = 305) had 9628 contacts and 7471 physical visits, with a total cost of $7,766,109. Seventeen percent of the patients accounted for 48% of the visits. The median annual cost was $7386 in the group with 10 or fewer visits, compared to $22,491 in patients with more than 50 visits.CONCLUSION: There are considerable differences in the utilization of care and cost between patients with MS in an unselected population, meaning that the care needs to be better customized to each patient's demands.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ljunggren, Micaela, et al.
(författare)
-
Dizziness and the Acute Vestibular Syndrome at the Emergency Department : A Population-Based Descriptive Study
- 2018
-
Ingår i: European Neurology. - : S. Karger. - 0014-3022 .- 1421-9913. ; 79:1–2, s. 5-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Dizziness is a common occurrence witnessed at emergency departments (EDs). This study aims to describe the epidemiology and management of dizzy patients with and without an acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) in the ED at Umea University Hospital. Methods: A total of n = 2,126 ED dizziness visits during 3 years were identified. Data were obtained through retrospective review of medical records. Cases were stratified based on presentation, including AVS and neurological deficits. The outcomes analyzed included cerebrovascular causes of dizziness. A Poisson distribution was assumed when calculating incidence CIs. Results: Dizziness accounted for 2.1% of all ED visits, incidence 477/100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 457-498). Among dizzy patients, 19.2% had an AVS, incidence 92/100,000 inhabitants (95% CI 74-113). Top medical diagnostic groups were otovestibular (15.1%), cardiovascular (8.7%) and neurological diseases (7.7%), including stroke and transitory ischemic attack (4.8%). Cerebrovascular causes of dizziness were more common among those with an AVS (10.0%) vs. those without (3.6%), p < 0.01. Conclusion: The risk for cerebrovascular causes of dizziness, although low in an unselected cohort, increases with the presence of neurological signs and an AVS. These population-based data may be useful when planning and implementing dizziness and AVS management algorithms at EDs.
|
|
