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- Johansson, Fredrik, 1983-
(författare)
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Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There has recently been a renewed interest in planning for pedestrian traffic, primarily in connection to public transport interchange stations, since these are important for public transport to constitute an attractive alternative to car usage. This thesis concerns microscopic simulation of pedestrian traffic, which is a promising tool for analyzing and predicting the traffic situation in a given pedestrian facility; particularly powerful when the traffic is congested. Important applications of microscopic simulation include comparison of possible infrastructure designs such as proposed interchange stations, and evaluations of various traffic management solutions, for example information systems.The purpose of this thesis is to advance the capabilities of pedestrian microsimulation toward a level at which it can be reliably applied for quantitative analysis by practitioners in the field. The work is based on an established microscopic model of pedestrian dynamics, the Social Force Model (sfm), and the advances are made in a number of different areas.To be able to evaluate and compare simulated traffic situations suitable performance measures are needed. A set of local performance measures are proposed that quantifies the local delay rate density and estimates the discomfort perceived by the pedestrians.The sfm is extended to include waiting pedestrians through the introduction of a waiting model, demonstrated to be stable and free from oscillations. The inclusion of waiting pedestrians in the model is critical for accurate modelling of public transport interchange stations, where large groups of waiting pedestrians may hinder passing pedestrians if the design of the station is poor.The relaxation time of the adaptation to the preferred velocity is an important parameter in force based models of pedestrian traffic since it affects several behaviors of the simulated pedestrians, two of which are linear acceleration and turning movements. A comparison of observations of accelerating pedestrians reported in the literature and new observations of turning pedestrians indicates that no value of the relaxation time can give model behavior consistent with both sets of observations. This indicates that modifications of the model is needed to accurately reproduce the observed behavior.An important input to simulations is the preferred speed of the simulated pedestrians. The common assumption that the preferred speed distribution at a location does not vary during the day is tested through observations of pedestrian traffic at Stockholm Central Station. The results demonstrate that the preferred speeds are lower in the afternoon than in the morning, implying that the preferred speed should be treated as a source of uncertainty when applying pedestrian microsimulation.Finally, a sensitivity analysis of a simulation of the lower hall of Stockholm Central Station is performed to find the most important sources of uncertainty in the model predictions, given the available data. The results indicate that the uncertainty related to calibration is the largest of the considered potential error sources.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Emma V.
(författare)
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Assessment of Robustness in Railway Traffic Timetables
- 2014
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A tendency seen for the last decades in many European railway networks is a growing demand for capacity. An increased number of operating trains has led to a delay sensitive system where it is hard to recover from delays, where even relatively small delays are easily propagating to other traffic.The overall aim of this thesis is to analyse the robustness of railway traffic timetables; why delays are propagating in the network and how the timetable design and dispatching strategies influence the delays. In this context we want to establish quantitative measures of timetable robustness. There is a need for measures that can be used by the timetable constructors. Measures that identify where and how to improve the robustness and thereby indicating how and where margin time should be inserted. It is also important that the measures can capture interdependencies between different trains.In this thesis we introduce the concept of critical points, which is a practical approach to identify robustness weaknesses in a timetable. In contrast to other measures, critical points can be used to identify specific locations in both time and space. The corresponding measure, Robustness in Critical Points (RCP) provides the timetable constructors with concrete suggestions for which trains that should be given more runtime or headway margin. The measure also identifies where the margin time should be allocated to achieve a higher robustness.In a case study we show that the delay propagation is highly related to the operational train dispatching. This study shows that the current prioritisation rule used in Sweden results in an economic inefficiency and therefore should be revised. This statement is further supported by RCP and the importance of giving the train dispatchers more flexibility to efficiently solve conflict situations.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Fredrik
(författare)
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Microscopic Modeling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Walking is an environmentally friendly and important mode of transportation. It constitutes the first and last part of almost any trip, regardless of what the main mode of transport is, and is especially important in connection to public transport trips.When designing public transport stations, and similar facilities with large and varying volumes of pedestrian traffic, it is advantageous to be able to predict the traffic conditions at the facility before it is built; discovering too late that the traffic at the facility is inefficient and perceived as uncomfortable may be very costly. To make these predictions we need accurate quantitative models of pedestrian traffic.The foundation of this thesis is the development of a microsimulation platform for pedestrian traffic, the Pedestrian Traffic Simulation Platform (FTSP). The platform is based on the Social Force Model (SFM) and intended for evaluation of proposed designs of pedestrian facilities. A contribution of this thesis is a thorough documentation of the implementation of the FTSP.An extensive literature review of previous research on the SFM revealed gaps in the methodology used to study the properties of the SFM and to interpret its results. This thesis proposes local performance measures to fill this gap. These measures are based on properties of the SFM, and enable quantitative analyses of the quality of service at pedestrian facilities. The proposed measures are applied to the simulation results of some basic scenarios, which reveal previously unknown properties of the SFM. These properties can be used to test the accuracy of the SFM.Another gap in the literature was how to include waiting behavior in the SFM. This thesis shows that accurate modeling of waiting pedestrians is important for the accuracy of the simulation results, and proposes three different extensions to the SFM to model waiting behavior.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ruber, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Accelerator development at the FREIA Laboratory
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1748-0221. ; 16:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The FREIA Laboratory at Uppsala University focuses on superconducting technology and accelerator development. It actively supports the development of the European Spallation Source, CERN, and MAX IV, among others. FREIA has developed test facilities for superconducting accelerator technology such as a double-cavity horizontal test cryostat, a vertical cryostat with a novel magnetic field compensation scheme, and a test stand for short cryomodules. Accelerating cavities have been tested in the horizontal cryostat, crab-cavities cavities in the vertical cryostat, and cryomodules for ESS on the cryomodule test stand. High power radio-frequency amplifier prototypes based on vacuum tube technology were developed for driving spoke cavities. Solid-state amplifiers and power combiners are under development for future projects. We present the status of the FREIA Laboratory complemented with results of recent projects and future prospects.
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| 6. |
- Gestrelius, Sara, 1986-
(författare)
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Optimisation models for train timetabling and marshalling yard planning
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Railways provide high capacity, safe and energy efficient transportation of goods and passengers. However, railway transportation also suffers from intrinsic restrictions and the effectiveness and efficiency of the transportation depend on the railway actors’ ability to solve a set of hard and interconnected planning problems. As the digitalisation of rail-way planning advance, compute-intensive decision support tools could be implemented to support the planners’ work. Two support functions that would be useful are automatic generation of new plans and optimisation of existing plans. In this thesis, mathematical models are developed and analysed for optimisation of (1) train timetables and (2) marshalling yard plans. The aim is to investigate the feasibility and potential of using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models to solve these two planning problems. To this aim, requirements and planning goals are identified and modelled as mathematical constraints and objective functions. The resulting mathematical models are then tested on realistic problem instances, and the execution times and optimised plans are analysed to determine if the mathematical models could be useful in practice.The thesis contributes with an analysis of the definition of ”good” in a railway timetable setting from the perspective of an infrastructure manager, a novel mathematical model for timetable planning, an optimisation-based heuristic for decreasing execution times and last but not least an analysis of the potential of using optimisation to enable a new type of annual capacity allocation. For marshalling yard planning, the thesis contributes with an analysis of three different mathematical models for planning one of the sub-yards of a marshalling yard, and with an extended, more comprehensive, mathematical model that can be used to plan two sub-yards. Further, a heuristic is developed for the more comprehensive problem, and the effects of optimising two sub-yards rather than one are analysed.The overall conclusion is that MILP models can contribute to improved railway planning. By using MILP optimisation, more effective plans can be made faster. However, more research is needed to reach the full potential of mathematical optimisation for railway planning problems, in particular when it comes to user experience and user interaction, but also to further decrease the execution times and extend the problem scope that can be handled.This thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces and summarises the research. It provides background knowledge on the two planning problems as well as on mathematical optimisation, and also present the research framework and some overall conclusions and suggestions for future work. The second part of the thesis consists of five appended papers, three on train timetabling and two on marshalling yard planning.
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| 7. |
- Peterson, Anders, 1976-
(författare)
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Origin-destination matrix estimation from traffic counts
- 2003
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For most kind of analyses in the field of traffic modeling, there is a need for origin-destination (OD) matrices, which specify the travel demands between the origin and destination nodes in the network. The process of obtaining OD-matrices is long, complicated and expensive. The counting of traffic, which provides link flow observations, therefore is an opportune possibility for easily up-dating the information on the travel demand. This thesis concerns the estimation of OD-matrices from traffic counts. We will consider the problem to estimate OD-matrices for both time-indepenent and time-dependent models. Many models have been suggested for the time-independent case, where the quantities represent and average situation. If a user equilibrium is assumed for the link flows in the network, a bilevel problem structure is recognized, where the link flows are implicitly expressed as a traffic assignment of the present OD-matrix. A descent heuristic, which is an adaptation of the well-known projected gradient method, is proposed. Special attention is given to the problem of approximating the Jacobian matrix, which expresses the change of a certain link flow with respect to a unit change of the travel demand in a certain pair of origin and destination.When a time dimension is introduced, the estimation problem becomes more complex. Besides the problem of distributing the travel demand onto different routes, the flow propagation with respect to time must be handled. A general time-dependent extension of the estimation problem is given and the complications with dynamic traffic assignment are discussed. In a case study, the conventional solution technique is improved by introducing pre-adjustment schemes, which the structure of the information provided by the OD-matrix and the link flow observations.
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