| 1. |
- Gonzalez-Gadea, María Luz, et al.
(författare)
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Decisions and mechanisms of intergroup bias in children's third-party punishment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Development. - : Wiley. - 0961-205X .- 1467-9507. ; 31, s. 1194-1210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children tend to punish norm transgressions, even when they are mere external observers—a phenomenon known as Third-Party Punishment (TPP). This behavior is influenced by intergroup bias, as children unevenly punish ingroup and outgroup members. Here, we explored the influence of intergroup bias in TPP decisions in children between six and 11 years of age (N= 124) using costly versus non-costly decisions while measuring response times as a proxy of the mechanisms underlying intergroup bias in TPP. Our results showed that children exhibited two types of intergroup biases: (i) an ingroup policing bias, as they preferentially punished selfish behavior from ingroup members, and (ii) an ingroup protectionism bias, as they were more willing to punish selfishness directed at ingroup members than outgroup members. We observed different developmental trajectories and mechanisms associated with these biases. First, while ingroup protectionism was present in all children, ingroup policing decreases with age and it was absent in children between 10 and 11 years of age. Second, both intergroup biases were associated with deliberative/conflictive processes. These results shed light on the mechanisms that underlie the development of intergroup bias in TPP decisions.
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| 2. |
- Linari, I., et al.
(författare)
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Unveiling Trail Making Test: visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests for executive functions (EFs) assessment. It presents several strengths: it is sensitive to executive dysfunction, it is easy to understand, and has a short administration. However, it has important limitations. First, the underlying EFs articulated during the task are not well discriminated, which makes it a test with low specificity. Second, the pen-and-paper version presents one trial per condition which introduces high variability. Third, only the total time is quantified, which does not allow for a detailed analysis. Fourth, it has a fixed spatial configuration per condition. We designed a computerised version of the TMT to overcome its main limitations and evaluated it in a group of neurotypical adults. Eye and hand positions are measured with high resolution over several trials, and spatial configuration is controlled. Our results showed a very similar performance profile compared to the traditional TMT. Moreover, it revealed differences in eye movements between parts A and B. Most importantly, based on hand and eye movements, we found an internal working memory measure that showed an association to a validated working memory task. Additionally, we proposed another internal measure as a potential marker of inhibitory control. Our results showed that EFs can be studied in more detail using traditional tests combined with powerful digital setups. The cTMT showed potential use in older adult populations and patients with EFs disorders.
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| 3. |
- Smevik, Hanne, et al.
(författare)
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Poorer sleep health is associated with altered brain activation during cognitive control processing in healthy adults
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cerebral Cortex. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1047-3211 .- 1460-2199. ; 33, s. 7100-7119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated how proactive and reactive cognitive control processing in the brain was associated with habitual sleep health. BOLD fMRI data were acquired from 81 healthy adults with normal sleep (41 females, age 20.96–39.58 years) during a test of cognitive control (Not-X-CPT). Sleep health was assessed in the week before MRI scanning, using both objective (actigraphy) and self-report measures. Multiple measures indicating poorer sleep health—including later/more variable sleep timing, later chronotype preference, more insomnia symptoms, and lower sleep efficiency—were associated with stronger and more widespread BOLD activations in frontoparietal and subcortical brain regions during cognitive control processing (adjusted for age, sex, education, and fMRI task performance). Most associations were found for reactive cognitive control activation, indicating that poorer sleep health is linked to a “hyper-reactive” brain state. Analysis of time-on-task effects showed that, with longer time on task, poorer sleep health was predominantly associated with increased proactive cognitive control activation, indicating recruitment of additional neural resources over time. Finally, shorter objective sleep duration was associated with lower BOLD activation with time on task and poorer task performance. In conclusion, even in “normal sleepers,” relatively poorer sleep health is associated with altered cognitive control processing, possibly reflecting compensatory mechanisms and/or inefficient neural processing.
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