| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Rahman, Khalil Ur, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the impact of the environment on depleting groundwater resources: a case study from a semi-arid and arid climatic region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study, for the first time, assesses the impact of critical environmental factors on groundwater using Bayesian network (BN) integrated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and develops a groundwater vulnerability map. The considered environmental factors are divided into the following categories: physical (rainfall, temperature (Tmax/Tmin), relative humidity (RHmax/RHmin)), water use and demand (surface water availability (SW) and number of tubewells (NTW)), agriculture and land use (total irrigated area (TIA), total cropped area (TCA), and total area sown (TAS)), and population. Results show a negative relationship of rainfall, RHmax/RHmin, and SW and a positive relationship of the remaining variables with groundwater. Elasticities demonstrate that a 1% change in SW (rainfall), major contributors, results in a decrease by 0.64% (0.55%) in groundwater in Bahawalpur (Multan). A 1% change in population (NTW), major consumers, results in an increase by 0.74% (0.70%) in depth to water table (DWT) across Jhang (Khanewal). The vulnerability map shows that high and very high vulnerability classes account for more than 50% of the total area of Punjab.
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| 5. |
- Abba, S.I., et al.
(författare)
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Integrating feature extraction approaches with hybrid emotional neural networks for water quality index modeling
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Soft Computing. - : Elsevier. - 1568-4946 .- 1872-9681. ; 114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The establishment of water quality prediction models is vital for aquatic ecosystems analysis. The traditional methods of water quality index (WQI) analysis are time-consuming and associated with a high degree of errors. These days, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) based models are trending for capturing nonlinear and complex processes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to predict the WQI in the Kinta River, Malaysia by employing the hybrid AI model i.e., GA-EANN (genetic algorithm-emotional artificial neural network). The extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and neuro-sensitivity analysis (NSA) approaches were utilized for feature extraction, and six different model combinations were derived to examine the relationship among the WQI with water quality (WQ) variables. The efficacy of the proposed hybrid GA-EANN model was evaluated against the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and multilinear regression (MLR) models during calibration, and validation periods based on Nash–Sutcliffeefficiency (NSE), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and correlation coefficient (CC) indicators. According to results of appraisal the hybrid GA-EANN model produced better outcomes (NSE = 0.9233/ 0.9018, MSE = 10.5195/ 9.7889 mg/L, RMSE = 3.2434/ 3.1287 mg/L, MAPE = 3.8032/ 3.0348 mg/L, CC = 0.9609/ 0.9496) in calibration/ validation phases than BPNN and MLR models. In addition, the results indicate the better performance and suitability of the hybrid GA-EANN model with five input parameters in predicting the WQI for the study site.
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| 6. |
- Achite, Mohammed, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing Rainfall-Runoff Simulation via Meteorological Variables and a Deep-Conceptual Learning-Based Framework
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 13:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate streamflow simulation is crucial for many applications, such as optimal reservoir operation and irrigation. Conceptual techniques employ physical ideas and are suitable for representing the physics of the hydrologic model, but they might fail in competition with their more advanced counterparts. In contrast, deep learning (DL) approaches provide a great computational capability for streamflow simulation, but they rely on data characteristics and the physics of the issue cannot be fully understood. To overcome these limitations, the current study provided a novel framework based on a combination of conceptual and DL techniques for enhancing the accuracy of streamflow simulation in a snow-covered basin. In this regard, the current study simulated daily streamflow in the Kalixälven river basin in northern Sweden by integrating a snow-based conceptual hydrological model (MISD) with a DL model. Daily precipitation, air temperature (average, minimum, and maximum), dew point temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, sunshine duration, global solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure data were used as inputs for the DL model to examine the effect of each meteorological variable on the streamflow simulation. Results proved that adding meteorological variables to the conceptual hydrological model underframe of parallel settings can improve the accuracy of streamflow simulating by the DL model. The MISD model simulated streamflow had an MAE = 8.33 (cms), r = 0.88, and NSE = 0.77 for the validation phase. The proposed deep-conceptual learning-based framework also performed better than the standalone MISD model; the DL method had an MAE = 7.89 (cms), r = 0.90, and NSE = 0.80 for the validation phase when meteorological variables and MISD results were combined as inputs for the DL model. The integrated rainfall-runoff model proposed in this research is a new concept in rainfall-runoff modeling which can be used for accurate streamflow simulations.
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| 7. |
- Ahmadlou, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Flood susceptibility mapping and assessment using a novel deep learning model combining multilayer perceptron and autoencoder neural networks
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Flood Risk Management. - UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 1753-318X. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Floods are one of the most destructive natural disasters causing financial dam-ages and casualties every year worldwide. Recently, the combination of data-driven techniques with remote sensing (RS) and geographical information sys-tems (GIS) has been widely used by researchers for flood susceptibility map-ping. This study presents a novel hybrid model combining the multilayerperceptron (MLP) and autoencoder models to produce the susceptibility mapsfor two study areas located in Iran and India. For two cases, nine, and twelvefactors were considered as the predictor variables for flood susceptibility map-ping, respectively. The prediction capability of the proposed hybrid model wascompared with that of the traditional MLP model through the area under thereceiver operating characteristic (AUROC) criterion. The AUROC curve for theMLP and autoencoder-MLP models were, respectively, 75 and 90, 74 and 93%in the training phase and 60 and 91, 81 and 97% in the testing phase, for Iranand India cases, respectively. The results suggested that the hybridautoencoder-MLP model outperformed the MLP model and, therefore, can beused as a powerful model in other studies for flood susceptibility mapping.
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| 8. |
- Aiyelokun, Oluwatobi, et al.
(författare)
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Credibility of design rainfall estimates for drainage infrastructures : extent of disregard in Nigeria and proposed framework for practice
- 2021
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Ingår i: Natural Hazards. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-030X .- 1573-0840. ; 109:2, s. 1557-1588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rainfall intensity or depth estimates are vital input for hydrologic and hydraulic models used in designing drainage infrastructures. Unfortunately, these estimates are susceptible to different sources of uncertainties including climate change, which could have high implications on the cost and design of hydraulic structures. This study adopts a systematic literature review to ascertain the disregard of credibility assessment of rainfall estimates in Nigeria. Thereafter, a simple framework for informing the practice of reliability check of rainfall estimates was proposed using freely available open-source tools and applied to the north central region of Nigeria. The study revealed through a synthesis matrix that in the last decade, both empirical and theoretical methods have been applied in predicting design rainfall intensities or depths for different frequencies across Nigeria, but none of the selected studies assessed the credibility of the design estimates. This study has established through the application of the proposed framework that drainage infrastructure designed in the study area using 100–1000-year return periods are more susceptible to error. And that the extent of the credibility of quantitative estimates of extreme rains leading to flooding is not equal for each variability indicator across a large spatial region. Hence, to optimize informed decision-making regarding flood risk reduction by risk assessor, variability and uncertainty of rainfall estimates should be assessed spatially to minimize erroneous deductions.
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| 9. |
- Ali, Sk Ajim, et al.
(författare)
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Sanitary landfill site selection by integrating AHP and FTOPSIS with GIS : a case study of Memari Municipality, India
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 28:6, s. 7528-7550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sanitary landfill is still considered as one of the most significant and least expensive methods of waste disposal. It is essential to consider environmental impacts while selecting a suitable landfill site. Thus, the site selection for sanitary landfill is a complex and time-consuming task needing an assessment of multiple criteria. In the present study, a decision support system (DSS) was prepared for selecting a landfill site in a growing urban region. This study involved two steps of analysis. The first step of analysis involved the application of spatial data to prepare the thematic maps and derive their weight. The second step employed a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) technique for prioritizing the identified landfill sites. Thus, initially, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used for weighting the selected criteria, while the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) was applied for addressing the uncertainty associated with decision-making and prioritizing the most suitable site. A case study was conducted in the city of Memari Municipality. The main goal of this study was the initial evaluation and acquisition of landfill candidate sites by utilizing GIS and the following decision criteria: (1) environmental criteria consisting of surface water, groundwater, land elevation, land use land cover, distance from urban residence and buildup, and distance from sensitive places; and (2) socioeconomic criteria including distance from the road, population density, and land value. For preparing the final suitability map, the integration of GIS layers and AHP was used. On output, 7 suitable landfill sites were identified which were further ranked using FTOPSIS based on expert’s views. Finally, candidate site-7 and site-2 were selected as the most suitable for proposing new landfill sites in Memari Municipality. The results from this study showed that the integration of GIS with the MCDM technique can be highly applied for site suitability. The present study will be helpful to local planners and municipal authorities for proposing a planning protocol and suitable sites for sanitary landfill in the near future.
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| 10. |
- Bandyopadhyay, Jatisankar, et al.
(författare)
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Identification and characterization the sources of aerosols over Jharkhand state and surrounding areas, India using AHP model
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1947-5705 .- 1947-5713. ; 12:1, s. 2194-2224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has measured using remote sensing and GIS methods, with MODIS data collected in Jharkhand from 2011 to 2017. The state’s eastern and northern borders have greater aerosol loadings (AOD: >0.5) while the southern and western parts have lower aerosol loadings (AOD: <0.3). Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary aerosol sources have been identified and categorized using the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Only 1.29% of the study area, which still emits the most aerosols, is covered by primary sources. Industrial zones, mining regions, thermal power plants, cement industries, high road density, and stone crushers are found in many locations throughout the country. Secondary sources of aerosols account for 5.23% of the study and are located near the main sources. The quaternary (54.08%) and tertiary (39.4%) aerosol sources mainly covered the Southern, Western, and North-Western portions of the state, which is enveloped by a heavily vegetated region. AOD, sources of aerosols, wind direction, and velocity were examined here. There were non-separable connections in this area and also AOD distribution is connected to aerosol sources, wind direction, and wind velocity. Finally, it employs the AOD values to identify different aerosol kinds and source heterogeneity to elucidate their influence.
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