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- Kanai, M, et al.
(författare)
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- 2023
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 5. |
- Green, Charlotte J., et al.
(författare)
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Studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease : the ins and outs of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro human models
- 2020
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Ingår i: Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1868-1883 .- 1868-1891. ; 41:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Determining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human NAFLD will allow for evidence-based prevention strategies, and more targeted mechanistic investigations. Various in vivo, ex situ and in vitro models may be utilised to study NAFLD; but all come with their own specific caveats. Here, we review the human-based models and discuss their advantages and limitations in regards to studying the development and progression of NAFLD. Overall, in vivo whole-body human studies are advantageous in that they allow for investigation within the physiological setting, however, limited accessibility to the liver makes direct investigations challenging. Non-invasive imaging techniques are able to somewhat overcome this challenge, whilst the use of stable-isotope tracers enables mechanistic insight to be obtained. Recent technological advances (i.e. normothermic machine perfusion) have opened new opportunities to investigate whole-organ metabolism, thus ex situ livers can be investigated directly. Therefore, investigations that cannot be performed in vivo in humans have the potential to be undertaken. In vitro models offer the ability to perform investigations at a cellular level, aiding in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD. However, a number of current models do not closely resemble the human condition and work is ongoing to optimise culturing parameters in order to recapitulate this. In summary, no single model currently provides insight into the development, pathophysiology and progression across the NAFLD spectrum, each experimental model has limitations, which need to be taken into consideration to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of findings are made.
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| 6. |
- Parry, Sion A., et al.
(författare)
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Intrahepatic Fat and Postprandial Glycemia Increase After Consumption of a Diet Enriched in Saturated Fat Compared With Free Sugars
- 2020
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Ingår i: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 43:5, s. 1134-1141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE Debate continues regarding the influence of dietary fats and sugars on the risk of developing metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effect of two eucaloric diets, one enriched with saturated fat (SFA) and the other enriched with free sugars (SUGAR), on intrahepatic triacylglycerol (IHTAG) content, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and whole-body postprandial metabolism in overweight males.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen overweight males were randomized to consume the SFA or SUGAR diet for 4 weeks before consuming the alternate diet after a 7-week washout period. The metabolic effects of the respective diets on IHTAG content, hepatic DNL, and whole-body metabolism were investigated using imaging techniques and metabolic substrates labeled with stable-isotope tracers.RESULTS Consumption of the SFA diet significantly increased IHTAG by mean +/- SEM 39.0 +/- 10.0%, while after the SUGAR diet IHTAG was virtually unchanged. Consumption of the SFA diet induced an exaggerated postprandial glucose and insulin response to a standardized test meal compared with SUGAR. Although whole-body fat oxidation, lipolysis, and DNL were similar following the two diets, consumption of the SUGAR diet resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decreases in plasma total, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol and fasting beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma concentrations.CONCLUSIONS Consumption of an SFA diet had a potent effect, increasing IHTAG together with exaggerating postprandial glycemia. The SUGAR diet did not influence IHTAG and induced minor metabolic changes. Our findings indicate that a diet enriched in SFA is more harmful to metabolic health than a diet enriched in free sugars.
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- Raitoharju, M., et al.
(författare)
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Gaussian mixture models for signal mapping and positioning
- 2020
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Ingår i: Signal Processing. - : ELSEVIER. - 0165-1684 .- 1872-7557. ; 168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maps of RSS from a wireless transmitter can be used for positioning or for planning wireless infrastructure. The RSS values measured at a single point are not always the same, but follow some distribution, which vary from point to point. In existing approaches in the literature this variation is neglected or its mapping requires making many measurements at every point, which makes the measurement collection very laborious. We propose to use GMs for modeling joint distributions of the position and the RSS value. The proposed model is more versatile than methods found in the literature as it models the joint distribution of RSS measurements and the location space. This allows us to model the distributions of RSS values in every point of space without making many measurement in every point. In addition, GMs allow us to compute conditional probabilities and posteriors of position in closed form. The proposed models can model any RSS attenuation pattern, which is useful for positioning in multifloor buildings. Our tests with WLAN signals show that positioning with the proposed algorithm provides accurate position estimates. We conclude that the proposed algorithm can provide useful information about distributions of RSS values for different applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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