| 1. |
- Blomfeldt, Thomas O. J., et al.
(författare)
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Novel Foams Based on Freeze-Dried Renewable Vital Wheat Gluten
- 2010
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Ingår i: Macromolecular materials and engineering. - : Wiley. - 1438-7492 .- 1439-2054. ; 295:9, s. 796-801
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new way of producing rigid or semi-rigid foams from vital wheat gluten using a freeze-drying process is reported. Water/gluten-based mixtures were frozen and freeze-dried. Different foam structures were obtained by varying the mixing process and wheat gluten concentration, or by adding glycerol or bacterial cellulose nanofibers. MIP revealed that the foams had mainly an open porosity peaking at 93%. The average pore diameter ranged between 20 and 73 mm; the sample with the highest wheat gluten concentration and no plasticizer had the smallest pores. Immersion tests with limonene revealed that the foams rapidly soaked up the liquid. An especially interesting feature of the low-wheat-concentration foams was the "in situ'' created soft-top-rigid-bottom foams.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Clemons, Craig M., et al.
(författare)
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Chapter 13 : Wood/nonwood thermoplastic composites
- 2012. - 2
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Ingår i: Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, second edition. - Boca Racon, FL : CRC Press. - 9781439853801 ; , s. 473-508
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Hansen, Natanya M. L., et al.
(författare)
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Properties of plasticized composite films prepared from nanofibrillated cellulose and birch wood xylan
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 19:6, s. 2015-2031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Xylans, an important sub-class of hemicelluloses, represent a largely untapped resource for new renewable materials derived from biomass. As with other carbohydrates, nanocellulose reinforcement of xylans is interesting as a route to new bio-materials. With this in mind, birch wood xylan was combined with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and films were cast with and without glycerol, sorbitol or methoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) as plasticizers. Microscopy revealed some NFC agglomeration in the composite films as well as a layered nanocellulose structure. Equilibrium moisture content in plasticized films increased with glycerol content but was independent of xylan:NFC ratio in unplasticized films. Sorbitol- and MPEG-plasticized films showed equilibrium moisture contents of approximately 10 wt% independent of plasticizer content. Tensile testing revealed increases in tensile strength with increased NFC content in the xylan:NFC composition range from 50:50 to 80:20 and plasticizer addition generally provided less brittle films. The oxygen permeability of unplasticized xylan-NFC films fell into a range which was similar to that for previously measured pure NFC films and was statistically independent of the xylan:NFC ratio. Water vapor permeability values of 1.9-2.8.10(-11) g Pa-1 m(-1) s(-1) were found for unplasticized composite films, but these values were significantly reduced in the case of films plasticized with 10-40 wt% sorbitol.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lönnberg, Hanna, 1978-
(författare)
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Ring-opening polymerization from cellulose for biocomposite applications
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is an emerging interest in the development of sustainable materials with high performance. Cellulose is promising in this regard as it is a renewablere source with high specific properties, which can be utilized as strong reinforcements in novel biocomposites. However, to fully exploit the potential ofcellulose, its inherent hydrophilic character has to be modified in order toimprove the compatibility and interfacial adhesion with the more hydrophobicpolymer matrices commonly used in composites.In this study, the grafting of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) from cellulose surfaces, via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide, was investigated. Both macroscopic and nano-sizedcellulose were explored, such as filter paper, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC),MFC-films, and regenerated cellulose spheres. It was found that thehydrophobicity of the cellulose surfaces increased with longer graft lengths, andthat polymer grafting rendered a smoother surface morphology.To improve the grafting efficiency in the ROP from filter paper, both covalent(bis(methylol)propionic acid, bis-MPA) and physical pretreatment (xyloglucanbisMPA)were explored. The highest grafting efficiency was obtained with ROPfrom the bis-MPA modified filter papers, which significantly increased amountof polymer on the surface, i.e. the thickness of the grafted polymer layer.MFC was grafted with PCL to different molecular weights. The dispersability innon-polar solvent was obviously improved for the PCL grafted MFC, incomparison to neat MFC, and the stability of the MFC suspensions was better maintained with longer grafts. PCL based biocomposites were prepared from neat MFC and PCL grafted MFCwith different graft lengths. The polymer grafting improved the mechanical properties of the composites, and the best reinforcing effect was obtained when PCL grafted MFC with the longest grafts were used as reinforcement.A bilayer laminate consisting of PCL and MFC-films grafted with different PCL graft lengths displayed a gradual increase in the interfacial adhesion with increasing graft length.The effect of grafting on the adhesion was also investigated via colloidal probeatomic force microscopy at different temperatures and time in contact. A significant improvement in the adhesion was observed after polymer grafting.
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| 8. |
- Plackett, David, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Properties and Morphology of Films Prepared from Microfibrillated Cellulose and Microfibrillated Cellulose in Combination with Amylopectin
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Polymer Science. - : Wiley. - 0021-8995 .- 1097-4628. ; 117:6, s. 3601-3609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two types of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were prepared using either a sulfite pulp containing a high amount of hemicellulose (MFC 1) or a carboxymethylated dissolving pulp (MFC 2). MFC gels were then combined with amylopectin solutions to produce solvent-cast MFC-reinforced amylopectin films. Tensile testing revealed that MFC 2-reinforced films exhibited a more ductile behavior and that MFC 1-reinforced films had higher modulus of elasticity (E-modulus) at MFC loadings of 50 wt % or higher. Pure MFC films had relatively low oxygen permeability values when data were compared with those for a variety of other polymer films. MFC 1 and MFC 2 films had similar opacity but differences in appearance which were attributed to the presence of some larger fibers and nanofiber agglomerates in MFC 2. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to illustrate the morphology of MFC nanofibers in pure films and in an amylopectin matrix.
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| 9. |
- Prakobna, Kasinee, 1983-
(författare)
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Biocomposites Based on Core-Shell Cellulose Nanofibers : Preparation, Structure, and Properties
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are of interest as load-bearing components for polymer matrix nanocomposites. A wide range of nanostructured materials including nanopaper/films, foams, aerogels, and hydrogels can be prepared from CNFs. The material performance can be fine-tuned when CNFs are combined with different polymer matrices. The main idea of the present study is to test the hypothesis that the concept of Core-shell CNFs can provide processing and performance advantages for nanocomposites through improved nanostructural control.The problems of matrix distribution and interface structure at nanoscale are investigated. The first part of this thesis (Paper I-III) describes an alternative preparation procedure for biocomposites based on the Core-shell concept. Inspired by the structural framework and mechanical function of the primary cell wall in plants, Core-shell CNFs are formed by coating wood CNFs with a polysaccharide matrix, and are subsequently used for fabrication of biocomposite films. The nanostructure of Core-shell CNFs and their nanocomposites is characterized. Mechanical properties of the biocomposites at various hydration conditions are investigated. A study on molecular water mobility and moisture stability of the materials is conducted. In the present thesis, three different biological polysaccharides including amylopectin, xyloglucan and galactoglucomannan have been used for man-made nanocomposites based on Core-shell nanofibers.The later sections of the thesis (Paper IV-V) describe an alternative method to disintegrate holocellulose nanofibers from wood chips. These CNFs based on holocellulose possess Core-shell structure with native hemicelluloses as “shell”. Peracetic acid pretreatment is used for the preparation of holocellulose. This procedure is a promising single-step pulping as preparation for nanofibrillation. The nanostructure of the holocellulose nanofibers are characterized, and compared with CNFs prepared from enzymatic pretreatment. The holocellulose nanofibers are used for preparation of films and porous materials. The influence of nanostructural characteristics of two different nanofibers (CNFs from enzymatic pretreatment vs holocellulose nanofibers from peracetic acid pretreatment) on final properties of the nanocomposites is clarified. Favorable characteristics of Core-shell fibrils are reported in terms of colloidal stability, controlled matrix distribution, improved interface characteristics, and improved hygromechanical properties of the biocomposites. In both a scientific and industrial context, the Core-shell nanofiber concept thus offers great potential for the materials design of new cellulose nanomaterials with unique characteristics.
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| 10. |
- Sarossy, Zsuzsa, et al.
(författare)
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Composite Films of Arabinoxylan and Fibrous Sepiolite : Morphological, Mechanical, and Baffler Properties
- 2012
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 4:7, s. 3378-3386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemicelluloses represent a largely unutilized resource for future bioderived films in packaging and other applications. However, improvement of film properties is needed in order to transfer this potential into reality. In this context, sepiolite, a fibrous clay, was investigated as an additive to enhance the properties of rye flour arabinoxylan. Composite films cast from arabinoxylan solutions and sepiolite suspensions in water were transparent or semitransparent at additive loadings in the 2.5-10 wt % range. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the sepiolite was well dispersed in the arabinoxylan films and sepiolite fiber aggregation was not found. FT-IR spectroscopy provided some evidence for hydrogen bonding between sepiolite and arabinoxylan. Consistent with these findings, mechanical testing showed increases in film stiffness and strength with sepiolite addition and the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) plasticizer addition. Incorporation of sepiolite did not significantly influence the thermal degradation or the gas barrier properties of arabinoxylan films, which is likely a consequence of sepiolite fiber morphology. In summary, sepiolite was shown to have potential as an additive to obtain stronger hemicellulose films although other approaches, possibly in combination with the use of sepiolite, would be needed if enhanced film barrier properties are required for specific applications.
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