| 1. |
- Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between obesity, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness levels in children and adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina : an analysis of gender differences
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 9, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to examine: (i) the level of physical activity (PA), obesity indices and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among boys and girls in primary school, and (ii) to determine the association of obesity indices and PA with CRF for the total number of participants, and then separately for boys and girls. 753 sixth to ninth grade girls and boys aged 10–14 years took part in this cross-sectional study. The PA was assessed by the “Physical Activity Questionnaire – Children” and CRF was assessed by the Maximalmultistage a 20 m shuttle run test. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were considered as obesity indices. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore correlates of CRF. The results obtained showed the prevalence of general overweight and obesity was 25.5% in our sample which was lower than that in the regional estimate (e.g., 28%) for Eastern Europe. Among all participants, CRF was associated with male sex, older age, a lower WC percentile, higher WHtR, and higher level of PA. The model accounted for 24% of the variance. CRF was associated with older age and a higher level of PA among girls and boys. Lower WC percentile was a significant determinant of CRF among boys. In conclusion, general overweight/obesity was not independently associated with CRF. Those with better CRF were more likely to be male and older, had a higher level ofPA and lower central adiposity. These findings emphasize the importance of supporting school-age children to take a part in programmed physical activity regardless of their body composition.
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| 2. |
- Pojskić, Haris, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The Reliability and Validity of a Novel Sport-Specific Balance Test to Differentiate Performance Levels in Elite Curling Players
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (JSSM). - : JSSM. - 1303-2968. ; 19:2, s. 337-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Balance as a skill and task-specific capacity is considered an essential physical quality in curling, required for executing effective stone delivery. However, no testing protocols have been developed to test curling-specific balance in the delivery position. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, validity and usefulness of a newly-developed, curling-specific balance test (CSBT) which involved the delivery position. The secondary aim was to examine the differences between elite and sub-elite curlers for core strength and flexibility, which have previously been identified as important qualities in curling and determinants of balance. Twenty curling players (13 females aged 19 ± 3.1 years; 7 males aged 19.6 ± 2.3 years) from five Swedish super-league curling clubs were divided into two groups according to playing level: elite and sub-elite. Variables included body mass, body height, body mass index, age, playing experience, training frequency, plank test, sit and reach test, standing single-leg balance test (SLBT) and CSBT. The CSBT was executed on a multiaxial tilting balance plate while mimicking the curling delivery position (i.e., a deep lunge position with the front foot on the plate). The participants completed the CSBT on three separate occasions, with each test consisting of three, 20-s attempts. Both the relative and absolute reliability were good for the CSBT (ICC = 0.90; CV = 14.5%). The CSBT demonstrated good measurement usefulness, being sensitive to detect moderate changes that exceeded 0.5 times the test standard deviation. Construct validity of the CSBT was evidenced by the large discriminatory capacity to differentiate expertise level in curling players (t-test: 2.85, p < 0.01; large ES), irrespective of other physical capacities (e.g., flexibility and core strength). However, the elite and sub-elite players also differed in age, playing experience and training frequency. Content validity was confirmed by a weak correlation (r = 0.21; 95%CI: -0.26 to 0.60) between the CSBT and SLBT, which suggests that curling-specific and standing balance should be considered as independent and task-specific motor skills. In conclusion, the CSBT can be used as a reliable, valid and useful tool for the assessment of curling-specific balance performance. In addition, longer and more extensive involvement in curling training contributed to superior specific balance in elite curlers.
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| 3. |
- Ahlgren, Madeleine, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Self-reported symptoms of low energy availability among female elite athletes and controls
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimWe aimed to investigate symptoms of low energy availability (LEA) among athletes and recreational active people, and the associations with EDs, excessive exercise, and motivation for training and dietary behavioural changes. MethodsSwedish female national team athletes (n=150) from 26 sports, and recreational active women (n=108), 18-39 years were recruited via sport organizations and social media. Participants filled out an anonymous on-line survey comprising the LEA in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Major Depression Index (MDI), the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), and the Motivation to Change Questionnaire (MCQ). LEAF-Q total score >8 and EDE-Q Global score >2.3 were used to classify participants as having symptoms of LEA and eating disorders (EDs), respectively.ResultsOf all participants, 47% had symptoms of LEA with no difference between elite athletes (47%) and controls (48%). Participants with LEA had lower body mass and BMI compared to those with no symptoms, while no differences were found in age or training load. Most of the participants with LEA (69%) did not have symptoms of EDs. However, when excluding all participants with ED symptoms (n=65), participants with LEA had higher EDE-Q sub scale scores, MDI and EAI scores, and they reported poorer health status and reduced ability to increase energy intake and to lower the training load compared to participants with no LEA symptoms. ConclusionOur findings confirm earlier indications that symptoms of LEA is frequent among elite athletes as well as sedentary people, and that most LEA cases do not have EDs. However, our findings suggest that symptoms of LEA may still be associated with poor well-being, restricted eating and excessive training behaviour and negative focus on body shape and weight. Reversing LEA by increased energy intake and/or reduced training load is the only treatment to prevent REDs health and performance implications. Our findings therefore emphasize the need for multidisciplinary prevention strategies to ensure necessary dietary and training behavioural changes.
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| 4. |
- Hafsteinsson Östenberg, Anna, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Association between Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Level and Sense of Coherence in Swedish Adolescents : An Analysis of Age and Sex Differences
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical fitness, physical activity, and sense of coherence (SOC) in Swedish adolescents (n = 2028 males, n = 1287 females) aged 14 to 18 using a cross-sectional design. Methods: Using the Swedish Physical power Mental harmony and Social capacity (FMS) student profile, participants performed physical tests measuring their cardiovascular ability (CV) and muscular strength. Questionnaires were used to measure physical activity levels (PA), the participation in organized physical training, sedentary behavior (SB), screen time, and SOC value. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the association between SOC and independent variables. Results: The regression analyses explained a small, shared variance between SOC and the independent variables in boys (4.3%) and girls (3.3%). SB showed a positive association with SOC both in girls (β = 0.114, p = 0.002) and boys (β = 0.109, p = 0.013). Abdominal strength was positively associated, while VO2max was inversely associated, with SOC (β = 0.113, p = 0.022; β = −0.109, p = 0.026, respectively) in boys. Girls had poorer fitness than boys did across all age groups except at age 18. PA levels decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys, but without differences between sexes. Abdominal strength decreased from age 14 to 18 in girls and boys. In general, girls had lower SOC than boys across all age groups.Conclusions: Poor sedentary behavior was significantly associated with weaker SOC for both genders, indicating overall physical activity as the most important factor for stronger SOC. However, emotional support in vulnerable environments may have a bigger impact than physical activity or sedentary behavior on the SOC value for adolescents.
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| 5. |
- Hafsteinsson Östenberg, Anna, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Fitness, Dietary Habits and Substance Misuse : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Associations in 7,600 Swedish Adolescents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Activity and Health. - : Ubiquity Press. - 2515-2270. ; 6:1, s. 26-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, psychological and social changes and a time when habits are formed. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical fitness, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption and dietary habits among adolescents according to the Swedish Physical power, Mental harmony and Social capacity profile (FMS profile).Methods: Data were collected from Swedish high school students, 1st – 3rd grade (16–19 yrs), both genders, overall, 7,600 Swedish adolescents using the FMS profile, comprising physical tests and questionnaires concerning lifestyle factors (e.g. physical fitness, dietary habits, alcohol and tobacco use). Participants included in this study met the requirements of inclusion, which were having a complete set of data, e.g. had undergone all physical tests and answered all questionnaires.Results: A total of 13% self-reported cigarette smoking, while 37% self-reported alcohol consumption. Adolescents who smoked were older (t-test = 9.09,p< 0.001), heavier (t-test = 4.58,p< 0.001) and had greater BMI (t-test = 3.96,p< 0.001). Adolescents who consumed alcohol were older (t-test = 8.78, p < 0.001), heavier (t-test = 4.03,p< 0.001) and taller (t-test = 3.77,p< 0.001). Significant differences were found for all fitness factors, with better mobility, strength and balance in adolescents who did not smoke compared to smokers (Mann Whitney Z test = 2.77, 7.13, 5.77, respectively; allp< 0.001). Regularity of meals and avoidance of sweets and cakes were less prevalent in adolescents who smoked (OR (95% CI): 0.63 (0.59–0.68), 0.71 (0.66–0.77), respectively).Conclusion: Among Swedish adolescents, tobacco and alcohol use increase with age. However, physical fitness is consistently protective against tobacco consumption, and dietary habits are mostly protective against alcohol consumption. Physical fitness and low alcohol and tobacco consumption are possible health factors.
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| 6. |
- Iglesias, David Suárez, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of contextual factors on match demands experienced by elite male referees during international basketball tournaments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 39:8, s. 936-943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to assess the cardiovascular responses and locomotory demands of male referees during diverse elite, international, basketball matches, and to investigate the influence of moderating factors (competition sex, level and stage) on these demands. Cardiovascular and locomotory responses were monitored in 123 elite, male referees while officiating 283 basketball sessions (preparation until match end), during group and playoff stages, of women’s and men’s FIBA Continental and World Cups at senior and youth level. The total and average session distance and velocity were ~4740 m, 19.0 m·min −1 and 2 km·h −1. Referees experienced an average relative HR of 60–65% maximum HR with ~85% of each session spent within the very light to moderate HR categories. The average session relative HR was significantly greater for men compared to women competition, during senior compared to youth sessions, and for the group compared to the playoff stage sessions. Mean distance covered was significantly greater during senior and men compared with youth and women sessions. Elite, international male basketball referees experienced moderate cardiovascular load accompanied with intermittent locomotor activities during international sessions when accounting for all occupational activities. International competitions are more demanding for referees based upon competition sex, level and stage.
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| 7. |
- Jukic, Ivan, et al.
(författare)
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Correlates of soccer-specific change of direction speed and reactive agility
- 2018
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Ingår i: Presented at 6th NSCA International Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Definition of Agility is based on a model that separates agility in two components, change of direction speed and perceptual and decision making processes. Based on that, two independent types of agility-performances have been identified, including change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG). In addition, agility is known to be a significant determinant of success in soccer due to a high perceptual and decision making skills as well as change of direction demands in soccer. CODS and RAG are generally considered as independent qualities which further suggests that they should be tested and developed separately. However, it remains unclear whether soccer-specific CODS and RAG should be regarded as disparate qualities. METHODS: Twenty young male soccer players (17.0 ± 0.9 years; 1.81 ± 0.03 cm; 70.05 ± 7.41 kg), who participated at the highest level of competition in Sweden at their age, twice reported to the lab to perform soccer specific CODS and RAG tests. First session was familiarization session while the second which consisted of actual CODS and RAG testing took place 72h later. Both CODS and RAG tests consisted of stop-and-go movement patterns which are very common in a soccer game. In addition, both tests included change of direction with the simple ball kicking template. This ball kicking template was invented to mimic defensive soccer skills of stopping the opponent’s first touch with the ball and pass interception. Participants had advanced knowledge of the movement pattern during CODS while they had to react on a visual stimulus that was followed up by change of direction during RAG. RAG testing was done throughout three different protocols (RAG1, RAG2, and RAG3) with CODS being performed once. Both tests consisted of five trials with the 10-15 seconds of rest periods between attempts and 3 minutes of rest between the protocols in RAG. Participants performed all protocols in a random order and after reliability analysis, the best performance was retained as the final result of each participant. Measurements were performed by a hardware device system based on an ATMEL micro-controller (ATMEL Corp, San Jose, CA, USA) as the core of the system. A photoelectric infrared sensor (E18-D80NK) was used as an external time triggering input, and LEDs were used as controlled outputs. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to reveal the relationships between the tests. RESULTS: The CODS was significantly, but moderately correlated with the RAG1 (r =.50, p <.05), RAG2 (r=.56, p<.05), and RAG3 (r=.63, p<0.01) RAG tests. DISCUSSION: Although significant relationships have been observed, the results showed that the CODS test and RAG tests share only 25, 31 and 39% of the common variance which suggests them being independent qualities. Practitioners in soccer should be looking at these qualities in a unique way with the aim to test and develop them separately.
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| 8. |
- Krolo, Ante, et al.
(författare)
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Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer) Players : Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactive agility (RAG) and change of direction speed (CODS) are important determinants of success in football (soccer), but there is an evident lack of information on reliable and valid football-specific testing procedures which will be applicable in defining sport-specific RAG and CODS in youth players. This study evaluated reliability and construct validity of newly developed tests of football-specific RAG (FS_RAG) and CODS (FS_CODS), which involved the ball kicking football technique. Additionally, factors associated with FS_RAG and FS_CODS were evaluated. The participants were youth football players (n = 59; age: 13.40 ± 1.25 years) divided according to their age into U13 (11–12 years of age; n = 29), and U15 (13–14 years of age; n = 30) categories. Additionally, performance levels (starters [first-team] vs. non-starters [substitutes]) were observed in each age category. The dependent variables were newly developed FS_RAG and FS_CODS tests. The independent variables were sprinting capacities over 10 and 20 meters (S10M, S20M), countermovement jump (CMJ), the reactive strength index (RSI), and a generic CODS test of 20 yards (20Y). The newly developed FS_CODS and FS_RAG were observed as dependent variables. Results showed appropriate intra-testing and inter-testing reliability of the FS_RAG and FS_CODS, with somewhat better reliability of the FS_CODS (ICC=0.82 and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, better reliability was evidenced in U15 than in U13 (ICC: 0.82–0.85, and 0.78-0.80 for U15 and U13, respectively). Independent samples t-test indicated significant differences between U13 and U15 in S10 (t-test: 3.57, p < 0.001), S20M (t-test: 3.13, p < 0.001), 20Y (t-test: 4.89, p < 0.001), FS_RAG (t-test: 3.96, p < 0.001), and FS_CODS (t-test: 6.42, p < 0.001), with better performance in U15. Starters outperformed non-starters in most capacities among U13, but only in FS_RAG among U15 (t-test: 1.56, p < 0.05). Multiple regression calculations indicated nonsignificant association between independent and dependent variables in U13 (FS_CODS: 19%, FS_RAG: 21% of the explained variance, both p > 0.05), but independent variables explained significant proportion of both dependent variables in U15 (FS_CODS: 35%, FS_RAG: 33% explained variance, both p < 0.05). The study confirmed the applicability of newly developed tests in distinguishing studied age categories of players. Results indicate that superiority in all studied fitness capacities is translated into performance level in U13. Meanwhile, FS_RAG seems to be important determinant of quality in U15.
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| 9. |
- Muñoz, Mario, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Differences In Physiological And Skills Characteristics Between Basketball Referees During International Basketball Tournaments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 54:9S, s. 278-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To describe anthropometric- and performance-related characteristics of basketball referees during international tournaments.METHODS: Fifty-three, (males: 36, females: 17 mean ages = 36.1 ± 5.0 years) referees from the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), wore a heart rate monitor which integrates multiple sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope, digital compass, sampling at 200 Hz) coupled with in-built HR monitoring and proprietary software during two international tournaments games. Anthropometrics variables included height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%fat). Performance variables included total numbers of games, maximal speed, time spent on heart rate frequency zones by percentages of predicted maximal heart rate (PMHR). Heart frequency zones one, two, three, four, and five were defined in the following way: 50%-59% of PMHR, 60%-69% of PMHR, 70%-79% of PMHR, 80%-89% of PMHR and 90%-99% of PMHR, respectively during officiated games at the 2018 FIBA’s U17 world championship and Women World Cup. Descriptive statistics were performed on continuous variables. An independent sample t-test was used to explore differences between males and females referees.RESULTS: On anthropometric variables, significant differences between males and females were found for height (181.2 ± 6.7 vs. 171.4 ± 6.3 cm, respectively, p < 0.001), weight (80.2 ± 7.8 vs. 65.4 ± 5.5 kg, respectively, p < 0.001), BMI (24.4 ± 1.3 vs. 22.3 ± 1.6 kg.m-2, respectively, p < 0.001) and %fat (21.5 ± 3.8 vs. 28.1 ± 3.5 %, respectively, p < 0.001). On performance variables significant differences were found on total games officiated (6.14 ± 2.0 vs. 4.8 ± 2.2 games, respectively, p = 0.03), total distance covered while officiating (4332.4 ± 412.5 vs. 4624.1 ± 466.7 meters, respectively, p = 0.03) and maximal speed (24.8 ± 1.8 vs. 23.3 ± 2.9 km/h, respectively, p = 0.02). On heart rate frequency zone values during the game, no significant differences were found between the two genders.CONCLUSIONS: Males referees officiated more games than females, but the females covered more ground while officiating. This could be explained by either positioning on the court or the pace of the games. Males developed more speed than females; this could be explained by the biological advantage in muscle mass males has over females.
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| 10. |
- Pagaduan, Jeffrey, et al.
(författare)
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A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Complex Training on Vertical Jump Performance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Kinetics. - : Sciendo. - 1640-5544 .- 1899-7562. ; 71:1, s. 255-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Complex training (CT) is a strength training intervention performed by completing all the sets of a resistanceexercise followed by a series of high-velocity/plyometric exercise/s. The purpose of this novel study was to conduct a metaanalysison the effect of CT on vertical jump (VJ) performance. Five electronic databases were searched using terms relatedto CT and the VJ. Studies needed to include randomized trials comparing CT with traditional resistance training(RT)/plyometric training (PLYO)/control (CON) lasting ≥ 4 weeks and the VJ as a dependent variable. Seven studiesqualified for the meta-analysis with two studies differentiating VJ performance from CT and RT, two studies comparingVJ performance of CT and PLYO, and two studies establishing the difference in VJ performance between CT and CON.Results indicated similar improvement in VJ performance from CT and RT (p = 0.88). On the other hand, greater VJperformance in CT than PLYO was identified (ES = 0.86; 95% CI 0.24, 1.47; p = 0.01). CT also showed significantlygreater enhancement in VJ compared to CON (ES = 1.14; 95% CI 0.60, 1.68; p < 0.01). In conclusion, CT can serve asalternative training from RT in improving VJ performance. On the other hand, CT is a better option in VJ enhancementthan PLYO and CON.
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