| 1. |
- af Wahlberg, A. E., et al.
(författare)
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An Empirical Test of Nonresponse Bias in Internet Surveys
- 2015
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0197-3533 .- 1532-4834. ; 37:6, s. 336-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In surveys, nonresponse is considered a source of possible bias, which increases with the size of the nonresponding group. Nonresponse bias was investigated in 3 samples of offending drivers who were required to respond to an online questionnaire before taking a driver improvement course, creating an initial 100% response rate. The next 2 questionnaire waves were voluntary, and response rates were much lower. Results (means, internal consistency, correlations, etc.) in the first wave were compared between those who responded twice or thrice and those who responded only to the first wave. No substantial differences were found. Compared to common method variance, the effects of nonresponse are very small.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Diamantopoulou, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Visual working memory capacity and stimulus categories : a behavioral and electrophysiological investigation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 209:4, s. 501-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has recently been suggested that visual working memory capacity may vary depending on the type of material that has to be memorized. Here, we use a delayed match-to-sample paradigm and event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate the neural correlates that are linked to these changes in capacity. A variable number of stimuli (1-4) were presented in each visual hemifield. Participants were required to selectively memorize the stimuli presented in one hemifield. Following memorization, a test stimulus was presented that had to be matched against the memorized item(s). Two types of stimuli were used: one set consisting of discretely different objects (discrete stimuli) and one set consisting of more continuous variations along a single dimension (continuous stimuli). Behavioral results indicate that memory capacity was much larger for the discrete stimuli, when compared with the continuous stimuli. This behavioral effect correlated with an increase in a contralateral negative slow wave ERP component that is known to be involved in memorization. We therefore conclude that the larger working memory capacity for discrete stimuli can be directly related to an increase in activity in visual areas and propose that this increase in visual activity is due to interactions with other, non-visual representations.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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The behavioral effects of cooperative and competitive board games in preschoolers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 62:3, s. 355-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional board games are a common social activity for many children, but little is known about the behavioral effects of this type of game. The current study aims to explore the behavioral effects of cooperative and competitive board games in four-to-six-year-old children (N = 65). Repeatedly during 6 weeks, children in groups of four played either cooperative or competitive board games in a between-subject design, and shortly after each game conducted a task in which children?s cooperative, prosocial, competitive, and antisocial behavior were observed. The type of board game did not have an effect on cooperative, prosocial or antisocial behavior. Cooperative and competitive board games elicited equal amounts of cooperative and prosocial behavior, which suggest that board games, regardless of type, could have positive effects on preschoolers? social behavior. Our results suggest that children may compete more after playing competitive board games; but the measure of competitive behavior in particular was unreliable. Preschoolers enjoyed playing cooperative board games more than competitive board games, which may be one reason to prefer their use.
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| 5. |
- Jansson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Liquid-specific stimulus properties can be used for haptic perception of the amount of liquid in a vessel put in motion
- 2006
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Ingår i: Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 0301-0066 .- 1468-4233. ; 35:10, s. 1421-1432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated whether people can use haptic liquid-specific information made available by shaking the vessel containing the liquid. In experiment 1 we studied to what extent people can discriminate between liquid and solid substances and determine the amount of substance in the shaken vessel, as well as the effects of exploratory procedures on these abilities. Exploratory procedures including horizontal shaking of the vessel produced accurate identification of the content and more precise judgments for a liquid than for a solid, but vertical lifting produced an overestimation of the amount of liquid. In experiment 2 we demonstrated that people can discriminate between the amount of liquid and the amount of solid in the same vessel. Three theories of what liquid-specific stimulus properties are picked up by shaking the vessel are preliminarily examined.
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| 6. |
- Lif, Patrik
(författare)
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The Use of 2D and 3D Displays in Military Settings
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the possibilities of using 3D perspective displays in different military settings, and to illustrate the limitations of 3D displays, that is, when 2D displays are to be preferred. More specifically, this thesis explores (a) readability during vibrations, (b) perception aspects on perspective aircraft displays, and (c) the value of spatial cues in 3D air traffic displays in military settings. The results show, for example, that vertical vibrations influence recognition performance negatively. The recognition of 2D and 3D symbols, as well as judgment of relations between symbols on a 3D display, may indeed be an arduous task. Results, further, indicate improved performance for relation judgments between objects in 3D space in dynamic rather than static scenarios in tactical indicators. In situations where perception of a direction nevertheless is problematic, enhancements like, for example, drop-lines may improve performance. From a practical point of view the goal has been to investigate the possibility to develop and use a 3D perspective display in an airplane like JAS 39 Gripen. A general conclusion is that 3D displays indeed can be used in many situations but it is important to seriously consider any possible limitations of 3D displays. The future work should be focused on implementing and testing the tactical display in a real setting with real military pilots.
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| 7. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Arithmetic Training Does Not Improve Approximate Number System Acuity
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The approximate number system (ANS) is thought to support non-symbolic representations of numerical magnitudes in humans. Recently much debate has focused on the causal direction for an observed relation between ANS acuity and arithmetic fluency. Here we investigate if arithmetic training can improve ANS acuity. We show with an experimental training study consisting of six 45-min training sessions that although feedback during arithmetic training improves arithmetic performance substantially, it does not influence ANS acuity. Hence, we find no support for a causal link where symbolic arithmetic training influences ANS acuity. Further, although short-term number memory is likely involved in arithmetic tasks we did not find that short-term memory capacity for numbers, measured by a digit-span test, was effected by arithmetic training. This suggests that the improvement in arithmetic fluency may have occurred independent of short-term memory efficiency, but rather due to long-term memory processes and/or mental calculation strategy development. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Attentional bias induced by stimulus control (ABC) impairs measures of the approximate number system
- 2021
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer Nature. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 83:4, s. 1684-1698
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pervasive congruency effects characterize approximate number discrimination tasks. Performance is better on congruent (the more numerous stimulus consists of objects of larger size that occupy a larger area) than on incongruent (where the opposite holds) items. The congruency effects typically occur when controlling for nonnumeric variables such as cumulative area. Furthermore, only performance on incongruent stimuli seems to predict math abilities. Here, we present evidence for an attentional-bias induced by stimulus control (ABC) where preattentive features such as item size reflexively influence decisions, which can explain these congruency effects. In three experiments, we tested predictions derived from the ABC. In Experiment 1, as predicted, we found that manipulation of size introduced congruency effects and eliminated the correlation with math ability for congruent items. However, performance on incongruent items and neutral, nonmanipulated items were still predictive of math ability. A negative correlation between performance on congruent and incongruent items even indicated that they measure different underlying constructs. Experiment 2 demonstrated, in line with the ABC account, that increasing presentation time reduced congruency effects. By directly measuring overt attention using eye-tracking, Experiment 3 revealed that people direct their first gaze toward the array with items of larger individual size, biasing them towards these arrays. The ABC explains why the relation between performance on approximate number discrimination tasks and math achievement has been fragile and suggests that stimulus control manipulations have contaminated the results. We discuss the importance of using stimuli that are representative of the environment.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences in nonverbal number skills predict math anxiety
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 159, s. 156-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Math anxiety (MA) involves negative affect and tension when solving mathematical problems, with potentially life-long consequences. MA has been hypothesized to be a consequence of negative learning experiences and cognitive predispositions. Recent research indicates genetic and neurophysiological links, suggesting that MA stems from a basic level deficiency in symbolic numerical processing. However, the contribution of evolutionary ancient purely nonverbal processes is not fully understood. Here we show that the roots of MA may go beyond symbolic numbers. We demonstrate that MA is correlated with precision of the Approximate Number System (ANS). Individuals high in MA have poorer ANS functioning than those low in MA. This correlation remains significant when controlling for other forms of anxiety and for cognitive variables. We show that MA mediates the documented correlation between ANS precision and math performance, both with ANS and with math performance as independent variable in the mediation model. In light of our results, we discuss the possibility that MA has deep roots, stemming from a non-verbal number processing deficiency. The findings provide new evidence advancing the theoretical understanding of the developmental etiology of MA.
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