| 1. |
- Bender, P., et al.
(author)
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Relating Magnetic Properties and High Hyperthermia Performance of Iron Oxide Nanoflowers
- 2018
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In: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:5, s. 3068-3077
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated, in depth, the interrelations among structure, magnetic properties, relaxation dynamics and magnetic hyperthermia performance of magnetic nanoflowers. The nanoflowers are about 39 nm in size, and consist of densely packed iron oxide cores. They display a remanent magnetization, which we explain by the exchange coupling between the cores, but we observe indications for internal spin disorder. By polarized small-angle neutron scattering, we unambiguously confirm that, on average, the nanoflowers are preferentially magnetized along one direction. The extracted discrete relaxation time distribution of the colloidally dispersed particles indicates the presence of three distinct relaxation contributions. We can explain the two slower processes by Brownian and classical Néel relaxation, respectively. The additionally observed very fast relaxation contributions are attributed by us to the relaxation of disordered spins within the nanoflowers. Finally, we show that the intrinsic loss power (ILP, magnetic hyperthermia performance) of the nanoflowers measured in colloidal dispersion at high frequency is comparatively large and independent of the viscosity of the surrounding medium. This concurs with our assumption that the observed relaxation in the high frequency range is primarily a result of internal spin relaxation, and possibly connected to the disordered spins within the individual nanoflowers.
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| 2. |
- Bender, P., et al.
(author)
-
Structural and magnetic properties of multi-core nanoparticles analysed using a generalised numerical inversion method
- 2017
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In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The structural and magnetic properties of magnetic multi-core particles were determined by numerical inversion of small angle scattering and isothermal magnetisation data. The investigated particles consist of iron oxide nanoparticle cores (9 nm) embedded in poly(styrene) spheres (160 nm). A thorough physical characterisation of the particles included transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Their structure was ultimately disclosed by an indirect Fourier transform of static light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering and small angle neutron scattering data of the colloidal dispersion. The extracted pair distance distribution functions clearly indicated that the cores were mostly accumulated in the outer surface layers of the poly(styrene) spheres. To investigate the magnetic properties, the isothermal magnetisation curves of the multicore particles (immobilised and dispersed in water) were analysed. The study stands out by applying the same numerical approach to extract the apparent moment distributions of the particles as for the indirect Fourier transform. It could be shown that the main peak of the apparent moment distributions correlated to the expected intrinsic moment distribution of the cores. Additional peaks were observed which signaled deviations of the isothermal magnetisation behavior from the non-interacting case, indicating weak dipolar interactions.
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| 3. |
- Gavilán, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Colloidal Flower-Shaped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles : Synthesis Strategies and Coatings
- 2017
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In: Particle & particle systems characterization. - : Wiley. - 0934-0866 .- 1521-4117. ; 34:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The assembly of magnetic cores into regular structures may notably influence the properties displayed by a magnetic colloid. Here, key synthesis parameters driving the self-assembly process capable of organizing colloidal magnetic cores into highly regular and reproducible multi-core nanoparticles are determined. In addition, a self-consistent picture that explains the collective magnetic properties exhibited by these complex assemblies is achieved through structural, colloidal, and magnetic means. For this purpose, different strategies to obtain flower-shaped iron oxide assemblies in the size range 25–100 nm are examined. The routes are based on the partial oxidation of Fe(OH)2, polyol-mediated synthesis or the reduction of iron acetylacetonate. The nanoparticles are functionalized either with dextran, citric acid, or alternatively embedded in polystyrene and their long-term stability is assessed. The core size is measured, calculated, and modeled using both structural and magnetic means, while the Debye model and multi-core extended model are used to study interparticle interactions. This is the first step toward standardized protocols of synthesis and characterization of flower-shaped nanoparticles.
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| 4. |
- Ludwig, Frank, et al.
(author)
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Size analysis of single-core magnetic nanoparticles
- 2017
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In: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-8853 .- 1873-4766. ; 427, s. 19-24
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Single-core iron-oxide nanoparticles with nominal core diameters of 14 nm and 19 nm were analyzed with a variety of non-magnetic and magnetic analysis techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), static magnetization vs. magnetic field (M-H) measurements, ac susceptibility (ACS) and magnetorelaxometry (MRX). From the experimental data, distributions of core and hydrodynamic sizes are derived. Except for TEM where a number-weighted distribution is directly obtained, models have to be applied in order to determine size distributions from the measurand. It was found that the mean core diameters determined from TEM, M-H, ACS and MRX measurements agree well although they are based on different models (Langevin function, Brownian and Néel relaxation times). Especially for the sample with large cores, particle interaction effects come into play, causing agglomerates which were detected in DLS, ACS and MRX measurements. We observed that the number and size of agglomerates can be minimized by sufficiently strong diluting the suspension.
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| 5. |
- Posth, Oliver, et al.
(author)
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Classification of analysis methods for characterization of magnetic nanoparticle properties
- 2015
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In: 21st IMEKO World Congress 2015. - 9781510812925 ; , s. 1310-1315
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to provide a roadmap for the standardization of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) characterization. We have assessed common MNP analysis techniques under various criteria in order to define the methods that can be used as either standard techniques for magnetic particle characterization or those that can be used to obtain a comprehensive picture of a MNP system. This classification is the first step on the way to develop standards for nanoparticle characterization.
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| 6. |
- Sommertune, Jens, et al.
(author)
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Polymer/iron oxide nanoparticle composites—A straight forward and scalable synthesis approach
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 16:8, s. 19752-19768
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Magnetic nanoparticle systems can be divided into single-core nanoparticles (with only one magnetic core per particle) and magnetic multi-core nanoparticles (with several magnetic cores per particle). Here, we report multi-core nanoparticle synthesis based on a controlled precipitation process within a well-defined oil in water emulsion to trap the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) in a range of polymer matrices of choice, such as poly(styrene), poly(lactid acid), poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(caprolactone). Multi-core particles were obtained within the Z-average size range of 130 to 340 nm. With the aim to combine the fast room temperature magnetic relaxation of small individual cores with high magnetization of the ensemble of SPIONs, we used small (<10 nm) core nanoparticles. The performed synthesis is highly flexible with respect to the choice of polymer and SPION loading and gives rise to multi-core particles with interesting magnetic properties and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast efficacy.
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| 7. |
- Wells, James, et al.
(author)
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Standardisation of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid suspension
- 2017
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In: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0022-3727 .- 1361-6463. ; 50:383003, s. 1-25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles offer diverse opportunities for technology innovation,spanning a large number of industry sectors from imaging and actuation based applicationsin biomedicine and biotechnology, through large-scale environmental remediation uses suchas water purification, to engineering-based applications such as position-controlled lubricantsand soaps. Continuous advances in their manufacture have produced an ever-growing rangeof products, each with their own unique properties. At the same time, the characterisation ofmagnetic nanoparticles is often complex, and expert knowledge is needed to correctly interpretthe measurement data. In many cases, the stringent requirements of the end-user technologiesdictate that magnetic nanoparticle products should be clearly defined, well characterised,consistent and safe; or to put it another way—standardised. The aims of this document areto outline the concepts and terminology necessary for discussion of magnetic nanoparticles,to examine the current state-of-the-art in characterisation methods necessary for the mostprominent applications of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions, to suggest a possible structurefor the future development of standardisation within the field, and to identify areas and topicswhich deserve to be the focus of future work items. We discuss potential roadmaps for thefuture standardisation of this developing industry, and the likely challenges to be encounteredalong the way.
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