| 1. |
- Allentoft, Morten E., et al.
(författare)
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Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625:7994, s. 301-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.
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| 2. |
- Budd, Chelsea, et al.
(författare)
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Continuation of fishing subsistence in the Ukrainian Neolithic : diet isotope studies at Yasinovatka, Dnieper Rapids
- 2020
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Ingår i: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-9557 .- 1866-9565. ; 12:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Yasinovatka is one of around 30 number of prehistoric cemetery sites of hunter-fisher-foragers located along the Dnieper River in southern Ukraine. Dating to c. 5540 - 4930 cal BC, the skeletal remains at Yasinovatka suggest that around sixty-eight individuals were interred at the cemetery, during three broad phases of interment: A-type burials (c. 5540-4930 cal BC), Ƃ1 pit burials (c. 5550-4750 cal BC), and Ƃ2 pit burials (c. 4980-4460 cal BC). The burials are characterized, in part, by the inclusion of a number of Mariupol-type plates of boar tusk, in addition to deer tooth pendants, Unio shells, knife-like flint blades, Cyprinidae teeth, sherds of Neolithic pottery, and significant deposits of ochre in the later burial pits. Here we analyse δ13C and δ15N values for 50 human bone collagen samples from the site. The majority of the isotope results show a hunter-fisher-forager population reliant predominantly on freshwater aquatic proteins, which is in keeping with previous dietary isotope studies in the area. Two individuals however have δ15N values that are clearly depleted when compared to the main population; these reflect dietary protein intakes based on plant and animal terrestrial resources rather than the predominant focus on aquatic resources. Notably, the δ13C values of these anomalous individuals are not enriched compared to the fauna samples analysed from the region; this supports the possibility that they were incomers to the area, potentially from a nearby agrarian population.
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| 3. |
- Budd, Chelsea, et al.
(författare)
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The Aquatic Neolithic : isotope, aDNA, radiocarbon, and osteological data analysis reveal asynchronous behavior in early prehistoric human societies of Ukraine
- 2020
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0002-9483 .- 1096-8644. ; 171:S69, s. 40-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Europe the characterization of the Neolithic period is traditionally dominated by the advent of agro-pastoralism. Neolithic populations in the Dnieper Valley region of south-central Ukraine are notably divergent from this trend. From the Epi-Palaeolithic-Neolithic periods (ca. 10,000 - 6000 cal BC), evidence for the adoption of agro-pastoral technologies is absent from archaeological assemblages. It is not until the Eneolithic period (ca. 4500 cal BC) that we observe the beginnings of a transition to farming in the Dnieper region. One hypothesis suggests that spikes in aridity propagated a hunting crisis in Mesolithic populations, which prompted a delay in the transition and the reshaped of Mesolithic subsistence practices to focus on freshwater aquatic resources to supplement terrestrial herbivores such as boar and deer.This research presents 300+ human and faunal samples (including 80 unpublished results), using multi-disciplinary techniques such as DNA analysis and various isotope applications, alongside osteological analysis, to provide holistic individual life histories. The results show long-term continuation of ܪshing practices from the Epi-Palaeolithic to Neolithic periods - no distinct shift from hunting to ܪshing practices took place. DNA results show the predominance of indigenous hunter-gatherers, with limited genetic inclusions from proximal Anatolian farming populations. Thus, despite the availability of plentiful dietary resources and the westward inܫuence of extra-local farming populations, the prehistoric communities of the Dnieper region remained resistant to change and resilient in terms of their subsistence strategies, with freshwater resources providing a ‘buffer’ against any perceived impacts from climate variability.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Lillie, Malcolm C., 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Prehistoric Ukraine. - Oxford : Oxbow Books. - 9781789254587 - 9781789254594 ; , s. 1-6
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Lillie, Malcolm C., 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Radiocarbon dating of sites in the Dnieper Region and western Ukraine
- 2020
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Ingår i: Prehistoric Ukraine. - Oxford : Oxbow Books. - 9781789254587 - 9781789254594 ; , s. 187-233
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter presents the results of radiocarbon analysis at a number of Dnieper cemeteries and associated sites, undertaken by the authors since the early 1990s. These cemeteries primarily span the earlier to middle Holocene period, between ca. 10,000–3500 cal BC (the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic periods), although a number of sites include burials from later periods. To date, the key sites that have been subjected to systematic analysis are the cemeteries that are located along the Dnieper River and, in particular, those at the Dnieper Rapids. The radiocarbon dating of these sites, and the cemeteries themselves, form the basis of the analysis outlined in Chapters 7 and 8. Despite in excess of two decades of analysis the identification of a potential freshwater reservoir effect (FRE) has perhaps proven to be one ofthe most significant results from this extended period of study (Lillie et al. 2009). This and other aspects of the research agenda are considered.
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| 7. |
- Lillie, Malcolm, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper river system : Archaeological and stable isotope evidence of diet from the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic periods
- 2016
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Ingår i: Radiocarbon. - : Oxford University Press. - 0033-8222 .- 1945-5755. ; 58:4, s. 741-753
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research has identified the existence of a freshwater reservoir effect influencing the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper region of Ukraine (Lillie et al. 2009). The current study outlines the evidence for freshwater resource exploitation throughout the period ~10,200–3700 cal BC, and presents the available evidence for the existence of dietary offsets in the 14C dates obtained. We have obtained human skeletal material from 54 Epipaleolithic to Mesolithic period individuals and 267 Neolithic to Eneolithic individuals, from 13 cemeteries, since our research in Ukraine began in 1992. Here, we present the initial results of stable isotope analysis of Eneolithic individuals from the Igren VIII cemetery alongside the Epipaleolithic to Eneolithic samples that have previously been analyzed. When contrasted against the evidence from the prehistoric fauna and fish remains studied, and modern fish species from the Dnieper region, we continue to see variability in diets at the population level, both internally and across cemeteries. We also observed temporal variability in human diets across these chronological periods. The fish samples (both archaeological and modern) show a wide range of isotope ratios for both δ13C and δ15N, which could prove significant when interpreting the dietary sources being exploited. This information directly informs the 14C dating program as an inherent degree of complexity is introduced into the dating of individuals whose diets combine freshwater and terrestrial sources in differing quantities and at differing temporal and/or spatial scales (e.g. Bronk Ramsey et al. 2014)
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| 8. |
- Lillie, Malcolm, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Biche Zolote, Ukraine
- 2017
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Ingår i: Documenta Praehistorica. - : Ljubljana University Press. - 1408-967X .- 1854-2492. ; 44, s. 306-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an analysis of human and animal remains from Verteba cave,near Bilche Zolote, western Ukraine. This study was prompted by a paucity of direct dates on thismaterial and the need to contextualise these remains in relation both to the transition from hunt-ing and gathering to farming in Ukraine, and their specific place within the Cucuteni-Trypillia cul-ture sequence. The new absolute dating places the remains studied here in Trypillia stages BII/CIat c. 3900–3500 cal BC, with one individual now redated to the Early Scythian period. As such,these finds are even more exceptional than previously assumed, being some of the earliest dis-covered for this culture. The isotope analyses indicate that these individuals are local to the region,with the dietary stable isotopes indicating a C3terrestrial diet for the Trypillia-period humansanalysed. The Scythian period individual has δ13C ratios indicative of either c. 50% marine, or alter-natively C4plant inputs into the diet, despite δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr ratios that are comparable to the otherindividuals studied.
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| 9. |
- Margaryan, Ashot, et al.
(författare)
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Population genomics of the Viking world
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 585:7825, s. 390-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about ad750–1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1,2. Here we sequenced the genomes of 442humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion. We find the Viking period involved gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east. We observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, with diversity hotspots in the south and restricted gene flow within Scandinavia. We find evidence for a major influx of Danish ancestry into England; a Swedish influx into the Baltic; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Our ancient DNA analysis also revealed that a Viking expedition included close family members. By comparing with modern populations, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the past millennium, and trace positively selected loci—including the lactase-persistence allele of LCT and alleles of ANKA that are associated with the immune response—in detail. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial transregional engagement: distinct populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, and Scandinavia experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
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| 10. |
- Mattila, Tiina M., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic continuity, isolation, and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Nature. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genomic landscape of Stone Age Europe was shaped by multiple migratory waves and population replacements, but different regions do not all show similar patterns. To refine our understanding of the population dynamics before and after the dawn of the Neolithic, we generated and analyzed genomic sequence data from human remains of 56 individuals from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Eneolithic across Central and Eastern Europe. We found that Mesolithic European populations formed a geographically widespread isolation-by-distance zone ranging from Central Europe to Siberia, which was already established 10,000 years ago. We found contrasting patterns of population continuity during the Neolithic transition: people around the lower Dnipro Valley region, Ukraine, showed continuity over 4000 years, from the Mesolithic to the end of the Neolithic, in contrast to almost all other parts of Europe where population turnover drove this cultural change, including vast areas of Central Europe and around the Danube River. Genome-wide sequencing of 56 ancient hunter-gatherer and early farmer individuals from Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe reveals striking population continuity in the east in contrast to central Europe that displays extensive admixture.
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