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| 2. |
- Morgan, G., et al.
(författare)
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In Situ Monitoring of Pavement Stresses on the A1 in Switzerland
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Testing and Evaluation. - 0090-3973 .- 1945-7553. ; 36:4, s. 291-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of sensors installed as part of the European cooperative project, Eureka Logcham Footprint, are used to examine the effects of individual vehicles on the road pavement and the environment. The weigh-in-motion data recorded at the Footprint Monitoring Site near Lenzburg, Switzerland are analyzed and figures are presented which describe the nature of the traffic experienced at the monitoring site. The weighin-motion data are matched to data from a prototype stress- i n-moti on sensor from the same site and the two datasets are compared. The ability of the stress-in-motion sensor to record the contact stress distribution is discussed and procedures are proposed for describing the shape of the distribution using a relatively small number of parameters. A method for quantifying distribution shape in terms of an "m"-ness value is proposed. A finite element model of the road is constructed, validated, and used to predict the stresses and strains in the pavement related to particular contact stress distributions. It is demonstrated that, for all but the heaviest tires, the shape of the stress distribution has a significant effect on the stresses and strains within the pavement.
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| 3. |
- Morgan, G., et al.
(författare)
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Stress-in-Motion Measurements of Heavy Vehicles from the Swiss Footprint Monitoring Site
- 2008
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Ingår i: 5th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress-in-Motion data from the A1 motorway in Switzerland is examined. The data is classifiedby the load and stress distribution of the wheel and five examples are selected as beingrepresentative of the highly loaded wheels passing the site. A finite element model is used toexamine the effects that these five distributions have on the A1 pavement. It is concluded thatwhile there is an approximately linear relationship between pavement strain and wheel loadwhen other parameters are held constant, the effects of the stress distribution are moresignificant in the cases presented. It is also shown that the different stress distributions producesignificantly different effects on pavements irrespective of the wheel load.
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| 4. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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Can Environmental Footprint of Vehicles be used for Road Pricing?
- 2008
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Ingår i: 7th European Congress and Exihbition on Intelligent Transport Systems and Services.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The movement of additional goods associated with a single market in Europe will increase rail and road freight traffic and the resulting impact on the environment and infrastructure. To reduce this impact, a better understanding of the dynamic interaction between freight vehicles and the infrastructure and environment is required. The European cooperative project Eureka Logchain Footprint E!2486 aims to develop an innovative and cost effective method to identify road and rail vehicles by means of their environmental "footprint" as characterized by dynamic load, noise, ground borne vibration and gaseous/particle emissions induced by individual vehicles. Switzerland has been a partner in the Footprint project since 2004. The Swiss participation included the installation of the novel Footprint Monitoring Site (FMS) on the A1 motorway in June 2005. This paper presents results from the monitoring of footprint parameters and compares these parameters with the parameters currently used for heavy vehicle fee.
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| 5. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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Coaxial Shear Test and Wheel Tracking Tests for Determining Porous Asphalt Mechanical Properties
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal on Road Materials and Pavement Design. - 1468-0629 .- 2164-7402. ; 8:3, s. 579-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance oriented test procedures are compared and discussed with respect to their suitability for porous asphalt optimization and for development of improved mix design. Coaxial shear tests and wheel tracking tests were carried out in order to compare the properties of both theoretically and empirically designed porous asphalt specimens. The specimens were produced using an improved theoretical mix design approach for porous asphalt. This method is based on a packing theory for aggregate grading optimization, reducing the post compaction effects on the pavement under traffic. The problems with porous asphalt arise from premature aging and therefore laboratory aging of the mix was used for the simulation of in-situ condition. As presented in this paper the test results vary significantly with aging as seen in the rutting behavior and shear modulus. The packing theory leads, in many cases, to porous asphalt mixes with superior quality as compared to traditional standard mixes provided that the influence of the binder is considered accordingly.
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| 6. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of WIM, Noise, Vibration Data from Heavy Vehicles
- 2008
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Ingår i: 5th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A European cooperative project aims to develop an innovative and cost effective method toidentify road and rail vehicles by means of their environmental "footprint" as characterized bydynamic load, noise, ground borne vibration and gaseous emissions induced by the vehicle.This characterization can produce a method for a ‘true’ bottom up allocation of effects ofvehicles on infrastructure and environment. An important part of this project is the installationof road and rail Footprint Monitoring Sites (FMS) throughout Europe. This paper presents theresults from the Swiss FMS where the environmental Footprints of heavy vehicles aresystematically collected and compared.
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| 7. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of Porous Asphalt Concrete Using Water Submersion Fatigue Tests
- 2009
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Ingår i: Construction and Building Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-0618 .- 1879-0526. ; 23:12, s. 3475-3484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Porous asphalt concrete due to its open structure is exposed to water and therefore susceptible to water damage. Effect of water, temperature and frequency on mechanical properties of porous asphalt concrete was investigated. An innovative test method developed in Switzerland is used to mechanically test 150 mm diameter cylindrical cores from eight materials in dry state and while being submerged under water. Although the conventional indirect tensile strength ratio delivers useful data about the water sensitivity of porous asphalt specimen, the coaxial shear test provides vital information about the development of fatigue damage in the material. Application of coaxial shear test (CAST) for a twin lay porous asphalt as well as conventional porous asphalt shows a reduction in complex modulus due to fatigue loading after each thermal cycle and due to detrimental effects of water Submersion. Moisture susceptibility results using CAST reflected the field inspections of surface degradation. In addition, investigation of the microstructure has given insight into the mechanical behavior of selected materials.
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| 8. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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In Situ Measurements of the Environmental Footprint of Freight Vehicles in Switzerland
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 13:4, s. 274-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eureka Logchain Footprint is an ongoing European cooperative project aimed at developing methods to identify road and rail vehicles through their environmental "footprint" as characterised by their dynamic load, noise, ground borne vibrations, and gaseous emissions. Part of the project involves the installation of road and rail footprint monitoring stations throughout Europe. This paper reports the results of the first road station built on the A1 motorway in Switzerland on a flexible asphalt pavement. Individual vehicle data on weigh in motion, noise and vibration sensors were measured in situ. Methods for the incorporation of gaseous emissions from vehicles are discussed. The results indicate that the various footprint parameters need to be assessed separately to determine the environmental impact of heavy vehicles.
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| 9. |
- Poulikakos, L., et al.
(författare)
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Interpretation of Accelerated Laboratory Testing of the Prototype Modulas Stress in Motion (SIM) Sensor with the MMLS3 Load Simulator
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of transportation engineering. - 0733-947X .- 1943-5436. ; 134:10, s. 414-422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With modern heavy vehicles using higher inflation pressures and higher axle loads the dynamic measurement of the tire-pavement contact force/stress is essential not only for tire development but also in road research for the investigation of factors which may lead to excessive damage of pavements. In this paper the results of laboratory tests with a prototype stress in motion (SIM) quartz sensor trafficked with a one-third scale load simulator (MMLS3) are presented. The tests were designed to vary parameters such as tire inflation pressure, speed, ambient temperature, lateral position, and angle to direction of travel in a controlled environment in order to isolate the influence of these parameters on the SIM sensor results. All other controllable variables remained constant while the target parameter was varied. Tire inflation pressures were calculated from these data. The laboratory tests show that the prototype sensor promises to be an effective investigative tool for SIM measurements.
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| 10. |
- Poulikakos, L, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Porous Asphalt Microstructure using Optical and Electron Microscopy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Microscopy. - : Wiley. - 0022-2720 .- 1365-2818. ; 240:2, s. 145-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>Direct observations of porous asphalt concrete samples in their natural state using optical and electron microscopy techniques led to useful information regarding the microstructure of two mixes and indicated a relationship between microstructure and in situ performance. This paper presents evidence that suboptimal microstructure can lead to premature failure thus making a first step in defining well or suboptimal performing pavements with a bottom-up approach (microstructure). Laboratory and field compaction produce different samples in terms of the microstructure. Laboratory compaction using the gyratory method has produced more microcracks in mineral aggregates after the binder had cooled. Well-performing mixes used polymer-modified binders, had a more homogeneous void structure with fewer elongated voids and better interlocking of the aggregates. Furthermore, well-performing mixes showed better distribution of the mastic and better coverage of the aggregates with bitumen. Low vacuum scanning electron microscopy showed that styrene butadiene styrene polymer modification in binder exists in the form of discontinuous globules and not continuous networks. A reduction in the polymer phase was observed as a result of aging and in-service use.
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