| 1. |
- Alexandersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Bus Deregulation in Sweden Revisited: : Experiences from 15 Years of Competitive Tendering
- 2010
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1989, the exclusive licenses of Swedish bus companies to run certain routes were abolished. The reform made it possible for local and regional public transport authorities1 to procure bus services by means of competitive tendering. Due to the resulting lowering of entry barriers and increase in competition between bus companies, the reform came to be known as the bus deregulation of Sweden. In 1998, Alexandersson, Fölster and Hultén published a study of the early effects of competitive tendering (hereby referred to as Alexandersson et al., 1998). The period covered was 1987-1994. It was already clear that competitive tendering had resulted in major changes in terms of market structure. Many municipality-owned companies had been dismantled, following their inability to defend their contracts when tendered or through acquisitions. Overall, seller concentration had increased. More than 60 per cent of all traffic had been tendered at least once, and regression analyses of statistical data were used to estimate, among other things, the effects upon costs from increasing the share of traffic subjected to tendering.
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| 2. |
- Alexandersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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The liberalization of railway passenger transport in Sweden : outstanding regulatory challenges
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to describe Sweden’s recent reforms to open the railway passenger markets to entry, and to addresses four critical issues for the success of the reforms; the allocation of infrastructure capacity, the provision of maintenance and terminal facilities, the access to rolling stock and the provision of information and ticketing to travelers. The analysis shows that the legislation and regulatory tools that are needed to handle these challenges to a large extent remain to be developed.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Anderstig, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Congestion charges and labour market imperfections : “wider economic benefits” or “losses”?
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The presence of distortive taxation and agglomeration benefits in the labour market means that there are benefits and losses not captured by standard cost-benefit analyses of transport policy measures. Recent theoretical analyses have raised concerns that the labour market effects of congestion charges may constitute considerable losses in the form of reduced aggregate labour income, over and above what is captured by the consumer surplus in the standard analysis of congestion charges – possibly to the extent that congestion charges may reduce aggregate social welfare, contrary to conventional wisdom in transport economics. The sign and size of these effects are an empirical question, however. We investigate this issue by estimating the labour income effects of the Stockholm congestion charges, using an estimated relationship between workplace accessibility and labour income. Results show positive effects on labour income, meaning that the “wider economic benefits” of this system are in fact benefits, not losses. It turns out to be crucial that the model accounts for value-of-time heterogeneity in the income/accessibility relationship and in the calculation of generalized travel costs.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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A new model for analyzing differentiated fares and frequencies for urban bus services in small cities : Case study for the city of Uppsala
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for welfare evaluation of fare and frequency policies for bus services in smaller or medium-sized cities handling both congestion and crowding in public transport. The model with data for the city of Uppsala. Two scenarios with marginal increases in frequencies and fares are evaluated. Then four main optimal policies are evaluated: fares with unchanged base line frequencies, frequencies with unchanged base line fares, simultaneous optimization of fares and frequencies and finally a scenario called the Pareto scenario where frequencies and fares are optimized subject to the condition that no consumer group (defined by zone, time period, origin-destination pair) should be worse of in terms of generalized cost of trip.The results indicate that there are large, seemingly robust welfare gains from reducing public transport supply in Uppsala, especially in the outer zone of the city where reductions compared to the current situation are rather drastic. In comparison, welfare gains from adjusting fares are smaller. As there are large distributional effects in the welfare optimum, introduction of such a policy it is likely to be controversial. However, in an additionally examined scenario, almost all of the potential social welfare gains from the welfare optimal scenario is achieved while no consumer in any zone or time period is worse off compared to present policy. In this scenario, the total number of public transport passengers are increased and emissions are reduced compared to the current situation.
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| 7. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Can increases in public transport supply be justified by concern for low-income individuals?
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper evaluates the impacts of different sets of distributional weights on optimal bus fares and frequencies in the small Swedish city of Uppsala. The model used represents choice between: three transport modes—public transport, cars, and a combination of walking and cycling; two time periods— peak and off-peak hours; two zones; and three origin–destination combinations. Five scenarios are evaluated: the base year (2014), a welfare-optimal combination without distributional concerns, and welfare-optimal policies for three sets of distributional weights with increasingly larger weights on lowincome individuals. The main results are that, compared with the welfareoptimal scenario without distributional weights, increasing the weights of the low-income group successively increases service frequencies and reduces fares. However, comparing the simulated results with the actual fares and frequencies in Uppsala in 2014, optimal frequencies with even the most far-reaching distributional objectives are lower
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| 8. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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How Does Concern for Low-income Individuals Affect Optimal Public Transport Policy in a Small City?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - : University of Bath. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 56:3, s. 295-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the impact of different sets of distributional weights on optimal bus fares and frequencies in the small Swedish city of Uppsala, with a two-way public transport demand per bus line of 200 pax/h in peak and 100 pax/h in off-peak. One result is that, compared with the welfareoptimal scenario without distributional weights, increasing the weights of the low-income group successively increases service frequencies. However, a more pronounced result is that a weight as low as 1.3 on low-income individuals' well-being (expressed in willingness to pay) is enough to justify a free-fare policy for this group.
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| 9. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal fares and frequencies for bus services in a small city
- 2019
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the welfare effects of optimizing bus service fares and frequencies in small cities by modeling street congestion and crowding in public transport vehicles. The model is calibrated to the Swedish city of Uppsala. A simple demand model is used. Sensitivity analyses suggest that this is sufficient for representing important welfare effects. The results indicate that there would be large, robust welfare gains from reducing public transport supply in Uppsala, especially in the outer zone of the city where reductions of supply would be large compared to the current situation. The welfare gains from adjusting fares would be smaller.
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| 10. |
- Asplund, Disa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal fares and frequencies for bus services in small cities
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper evaluates the welfare effects of optimizing bus service fares and frequencies in small cities by modeling street congestion and crowding in public transport vehicles. The model is calibrated to the Swedish city of Uppsala. A simple demand model is used. Sensitivity analyses suggest that this is sufficient for representing important welfare effects, and that parameter uncertainty is more important than model uncertainty in this respect. The results indicate that there would be large, robust welfare gains from reducing public transport supply in Uppsala, especially in the outer zone of the city where reductions of supply would be large compared to the current situation. The welfare gains from adjusting fares would be smaller.
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