| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
-
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Kien, Nguyen Duc, et al.
(författare)
-
Cellulose content as a selection trait in breeding for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Annals of Forest Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1286-4560 .- 1297-966X. ; 66
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using cellulose content, measured by the diglyme-HCl method, as a selection trait in breeding programs for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla.A total of 275 trees from sixty-two families were sampled from a thinned progeny trial of E. urophylla in northern Vietnam to evaluate cellulose content from breast-height increment cores. Among those, twenty unrelated trees were felled to evaluate cellulose content and pulp yield from breast-height disk samples.The regression of pulp yield of disk samples on cellulose content was strong either from disks (R(2) = 0.83) or increment cores (R(2) = 0.69). There was no significant difference in cellulose content between the provenances. The narrow-sense within-provenance heritability of cellulose content was 0.50 and the coefficient of additive genetic variation was 3.9%. Genetic correlations between cellulose content and growth (0.28-0.45) or wood basic density (-0.02) were not significantly different from zero.Breast-height increment core cellulose content measured by diglyme-HCl method is under strong genetic control and can be used to rank trees for pulp yield in E. urophylla plantations. Selection for increased cellulose content would have only minor effects on growth and wood basic density.
|
|
| 7. |
- Luo, Yifei, et al.
(författare)
-
Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
- 2023
-
Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
|
|
| 8. |
- Nguyen, Quang Hung, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of Data Splitting on Performance of Machine Learning Models in Prediction of Shear Strength of Soil
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Mathematical problems in engineering (Print). - UK : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1024-123X .- 1563-5147. ; 2021, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of different machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Boosting Trees (Boosted) algorithms, considering the influence of various training to testing ratios in predicting the soil shear strength, one of the most critical geotechnical engineering properties in civil engineering design and construction. For this aim, a database of 538 soil samples collected from the Long Phu 1 power plant project, Vietnam, was utilized to generate the datasets for the modeling process. Different ratios (i.e., 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10) were used to divide the datasets into the training and testing datasets for the performance assessment of models. Popular statistical indicators, such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Correlation Coefficient (R), were employed to evaluate the predictive capability of the models under different training and testing ratios. Besides, Monte Carlo simulation was simultaneously carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed models, taking into account the random sampling effect. The results showed that although all three ML models performed well, the ANN was the most accurate and statistically stable model after 1000 Monte Carlo simulations (Mean R = 0.9348) compared with other models such as Boosted (Mean R = 0.9192) and ELM (Mean R = 0.8703). Investigation on the performance of the models showed that the predictive capability of the ML models was greatly affected by the training/testing ratios, where the 70/30 one presented the best performance of the models. Concisely, the results presented herein showed an effective manner in selecting the appropriate ratios of datasets and the best ML model to predict the soil shear strength accurately, which would be helpful in the design and engineering phases of construction projects.
|
|
| 9. |
- Quang, Tran Ho
(författare)
-
Applications of molecular characters to breeding of Eucalyptus urophylla in Vietnam
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate how to incorporate molecular genetics into the tree breeding program for E. urophylla. The material was a combined provenance and progeny trial, initially including 144 families from open-pollinated trees of nine provenances. It was selectively thinned in year 2 removing 75% of the trees in each family and again in year 5. The population structure was studied with SSR markers after the second thinning. The inbreeding coefficients (FIS) within provenances ranged from 0.069 to 0.198, relatively low values suggesting that selection at the first thinning favoured heterozygosity. Most of the molecular variation was within provenances in (FST = 0.023). The quantitative differentiation for growth traits (QST) among provenances after the second thinning was low since selection tended to equalize the performance of the provenances. The results support the general strategy of the breeding program to improve objective traits while retaining genetic variation. Wood properties (basic wood density, cellulose and lignin contents) were determined in a group of fast-growing and a group of slow-growing families. The cellulose content of the fast group was significantly higher than that of the slow group (40.0% and 37.1%, respectively) and cellulose content was significantly correlated phenotypically with DBH. High growth rate can be combined with high cellulose content for trees intended for pulping. This conclusion was consistent with the non-significant genetic correlations between growth traits and cellulose content or wood basic density based on larger samples. Expression in scrapes of secondary xylem of genes of cellulose and lignin synthesis were related to wood properties. Cellulose synthase A4 (EuCesA4) expression was significantly correlated with cellulose content. Since EuCesA4 is a potential marker of cellulose content, we sampled 60 trees to investigate the occurrence of polymorphism in the DNA sequence. In a 2 kb sequence through six exons and six introns, the polymorphism density was 23 per kb.
|
|
| 10. |
- Quang, Tran Ho, et al.
(författare)
-
EVALUATING POPULATION STRUCTURE BY NEUTRAL MARKERS AND QUANTITATIVE GENETIC PARAMETERS IN A THINNED PROGENY TRIAL OF EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Tropical Forest Science. - 0128-1283. ; 25, s. 350-360
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to estimate from microsatellite variation the levels of homozygote excess within nine populations comprising a combined population and progeny trial of Eucalyptus urophylla in northern Vietnam and to compare the population differentiation estimated by molecular markers with that estimated from growth traits. The material was thinned in year 2 (removing 75% of the trees) and year 5 (removing 37% of the remaining trees). Microsatellite variation was measured after the second thinning. Homozygote excess (F-IS) among populations ranged from 0.069 to 0.198. Most of the molecular variation was within populations (97.1% of the total variation), in agreement with the low FST value (0.023) of neutral molecular markers (F-ST) (0.023). Estimates of quantitative trait differentiation (Q(ST)) based on a univariate model among populations for height and diameter at breast height were low over the first eight years of the trial, at most 0.21. This presumably reflected selection for the same traits in a common environment. The differences between Q(ST) after the second thinning and F-ST, a measure of the effects of selection, were also small. Prospects for further breeding progress are bright, whether or not crosses are made among populations.
|
|
