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- Hansson, Elisabeth, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Anti-inflammatory effects induced by pharmaceutical substances on inflammatory active brain astrocytes-promising treatment of neuroinflammation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroinflammation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1742-2094. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical treatment with probable anti-inflammatory substances that attack cells in various ways including receptors, ion channels, or transporter systems may slow down the progression of inflammatory conditions. Astrocytes and microglia are the most prominent target cells for inflammation in the central nervous system. Their responses upon inflammatory stimuli work through the NO/cyclic GMP/protein kinase G systems that can downregulate the ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling, as well as G protein activities which alter Na+ transporters including Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), glutamate-induced Ca2+ signaling, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The rationale for this project was to investigate a combination of pharmaceutical substances influencing the NO and the Gi/Gs activations of inflammatory reactive cells in order to make the cells return into a more physiological state. The ATP-evoked Ca2+ signaling is important maybe due to increased ATP release and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors. A balance between intercellular Ca2+ signaling through gap junctions and extracellular signaling mediated by extracellular ATP may be important for physiological function. METHODS: Astrocytes in primary cultures were incubated with lipopolysaccharide in a physiological glucose concentration for 24h to induce inflammatory reactivity. The probable anti-inflammatory substances sildenafil and 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 together with endomorphin-1, naloxone, and levetiracetam, were used in the presence of high glucose concentration in the medium to restore the cells. Glutamate-, 5-HT-, and ATP-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release, Na+/K+-ATPase expression, expression of inflammatory receptors, and release of tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured. RESULTS: Sildenafil in ultralow concentration together with 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 showed most prominent effects on the ATP-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release. The μ-opioid agonist endomorphin-1, the μ-opioid antagonist naloxone in ultralow concentration, and the antiepileptic agent levetiracetam downregulated the glutamate-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release and TLR4. The combination of the pharmaceutical substances in high glucose concentration downregulated the glutamate- and ATP-evoked Ca2+ signaling and the TLR4 expression and upregulated the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical treatment with the combination of substances that have potential anti-inflammatory effects, which attack different biochemical mechanisms in the cells may exert decisive effects to downregulate neuroinflammation in the nervous system.
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- Lindelöf, Margareta, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Att fördela bistånd : Om handläggningsprocessen inom äldreomsorgen
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to illustrate the manner in which assistance is distributed to the elderly according to the social services law in Sweden. It will focus on the processing officers/"street-level bureaucrats" who have been assigned, based on their profession, the task of assessing and deciding about the distributing of assistance. Central issues include the manner in which process officers go about their assignement and how their actual performance appears in comparision with the prescribed course of action. The dissertation´s starting pionts are in part, the legal regulations in the form of the social service law´s material and procedural rules, and in part the role as street-level bureaucrat and the construction of the client. The data which forms the basis for the conclusions of the dissertation consists of four studies conducted during the period 1995-2001. The first investigation - The Sundsvall study - is explorative and gives a first insight into how the process officers act and document the processing of a case. The process officers study is a national investigation with process officers from 27 municipalities. This second study focuses on the various ways to organise the handling process, and how these may influence the finding for assistance. The documentation study is also a national investigation of 29 municipalities. In this third study the written documentation of the case handling process is primarily exposed. Focus groups comprise the final sorce of data in which a group of processors in tree municipalities discuss their work. The process officers in the focus group describe several usual situations. With support from the various investigations, a picture appears which does not agree with prescribed course of action according to the legislation. What appears instead is a pattern of action which probably already existed before we began this work and which likely continues. This pattern of action has as we have established two faces, one of which constitutes an informal process where the actual construction of the "help-seeker" take place. Whitin the frame for this aspect, the so-called "service catalouge" has a decisive meaning, which in it´s own way is directed towards satisfying primarely physical and medical needs. The other "face" displays the formalised expresson of the informal process. This formal expression does not reveal all that is going on, only chosen elements. The action that we have found are institutionalized as an officially sanctioned institution since the practice is widely accepted and legitimized. The public intstitution is therefore built upon a pattern of action that consists both of formal rule, but primarily standards and routines which in many regards occur outside the formal rules. The consequences of a pattern of action that has been institutionalized and legitimized affects those seeking help who do not receive the individual assessment that they have a right to according to the law.
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- Skoog, Viktoria, 1981-
(författare)
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Barn som flyttas i offentlig regi : En studie av förekomst och upplevelser av instabil samhällsvård för barn
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the incidence of instability in out-of-home care for children and how children experience this instability. The dissertation consists of two studies. The quantitative study is based on an examination of social work case files of 213 children who began 317 placements in 2005 and 2006. Every placement was followed for a maximum of two years. The qualitative study used interpretive phenomenology as method and is based on interviews with 12 purposively selected children who had experienced placement breakdown at some point during 2011 or 2012. The quantitative study shows that the majority of children had experienced problems in their home environments prior to placement. Most commonly reported was parents’ substance abuse or mental health problems. Preschool and schoolchildren were more often placed in care due to neglect whereas adolescents were placed because of their own behavior problems or relational problems. Children in the qualitative study described that the problems they experienced prior to coming into care continued to influence them during their time in care.The quantitative study indicates that different types of instability are associated with children’s ages. That is, breakdown was most common for adolescents whereas preschool children more often experienced planned placements changes. Children in the qualitative study gave similar descriptions of planned placement changes and placement breakdown. The difficulty with which these children experienced the move from a foster family or group home depended on their relationship to caregivers. Therefore, planned placement changes from foster homes or institutional settings in which children reported being happy were described as more difficult than breakdown in placements from which children wanted to move. In children’s views, breakdown was caused by mismatches between them and caregivers, mistreatment in care settings, and their own behavior problems. However, children explained that when social workers did not listen to them, behavior problems in the form of running away, self-harming or behaving badly, were the only way of ending placements in which they were miserable.All children in the qualitative study described a wish for close relationships with consistent adults and an opportunity to feel that they belong somewhere. These fundamental needs were difficult for them to have satisfied due to their parents’ problematic life histories, instability in care which repeatedly placed children in new care situations, and a lack of continuity of social workers.
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- Skoog, Viktoria, et al.
(författare)
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Instabilitet för barn i samhällsvård
- 2012
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Ingår i: Socionomens forskningssupplement. - Stockholm : Akademikerförbundet SSR. - 0283-1929. ; 31:1, s. 34-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes stability in out-of-home care for children in Sweden. The study hasfocused on placement breakdown but also used planned movements and re-placement tostudy placement stability. The sample consists of 213 children who started 317placements during 2005 and 2006. Social work case files were examined to follow everyplacement for, at most, two years from the day that the placement began. Those childrenwho finished their period of care during the study’s follow-up period were monitored forone year after completion of placement to see if "returns home" were stable or if the childwas re-placed in care.The analyses reveal that a significant majority of children who returned home fromcare did so before social workers considered care no longer necessary. The most commonreason for end of a placement for preschool aged children was placement movements andfor teenager’s placement breakdowns. This result indicates that type of instabilitydepends on children’s age.As in other research, our study revealed teenagers or children with aggressivebehavior had an increased risk of placement breakdown. The risk for re-placementincreased if the child’s last placement ended because parents withdrew their consent forplacement or if the child was placed in institutional care. This study points to the need todiscuss the importance of consent, particularly parents of younger children and withyouths themselves. It also indicates that if social service wants to increase placementstability they have to take the age of the child in consideration.
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| 8. |
- Skoog, Viktoria, et al.
(författare)
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Instabilitet för barn i samhällsvård : [Instability in child welfare placements]
- 2012
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Ingår i: Socionomens forskningssupplement. - Stockholm : Sveriges socionomers, personal- & förvaltningstjänstemäns riksförbund (SSR). - 0283-1929. ; :31, s. 34-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes stability in out-of-home care for children in Sweden. The study has focused on placement breakdown but also used planned movements and re-placement to study placement stability. The sample consists of 213 children who started 317 placements during 2005 and 2006. Social work case files were examined to follow every placement for, at most, two years from the day that the placement began. Those children who finished their period of care during the study’s follow-up period were monitored for one year after completion of placement to see if "returns home" were stable or if the child was re-placed in care. The analyses reveal that a significant majority of children who returned home from care did so before social workers considered care no longer necessary. The most common reason for end of a placement for preschool aged children was placement movements and for teenager’s placement breakdowns. This result indicates that type of instability depends on children’s age. As in other research, our study revealed teenagers or children with aggressive behavior had an increased risk of placement breakdown. The risk for re-placement increased if the child’s last placement ended because parents withdrew their consent for placement or if the child was placed in institutional care. This study points to the need to discuss the importance of consent, particularly parents of younger children and with youths themselves. It also indicates that if social service wants to increase placement stability they have to take the age of the child in consideration.
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| 9. |
- Wimo, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Group living, an alternative for dementia patients : A cost analysis
- 1991
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 6:1, s. 21-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing number of patients with dementia requires new forms of care management. Group living (GL) is an alternative, and two units were established in Sundsvall, Sweden, in 1984. The patients in GL used institutional care to a significantly lower extent (nursing homes, emergency hospital care, psychiatric care) after admission to GL (p < 0.001). The costs for the Municipality and the County Council changed from £49 to £42/day (p=0.21) and patient during the first six-month period in GL compared to the six-month period prior to GL. If the costs for GL are compared to the costs for nursing home care (£68/day), GL is significantly cheaper (p < 0.05).
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| 10. |
- Wimo, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Day Care on Dementia Patients–Costs, Well-being and Relatives' Views
- 1990
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Ingår i: Family Practice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0263-2136 .- 1460-2229. ; 7:4, s. 279-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forty-seven patients in psychogeriatric day centre were analysed regarding use of resources, costs and well-being. The level of well-being was based on interviews with staff and relatives and related to the economic outcome--a cost utility analysis. A 6 month period prior to day care was compared with the first 6 months in such care. The use of resources at home increased by 20% while the use of institutional care was reduced by 22%. Fifty-three percent of the patients improved in their well-being after participation in day care. When the cost of utility analysis was applied, the cost for a well-year was 4293 pounds.
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