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- Blomberg, Rina, et al.
(författare)
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Speech Processing Difficulties in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The large body of research that forms the ease of language understanding (ELU) model emphasizes the important contribution of cognitive processes when listening to speech in adverse conditions; however, speech-in-noise (SIN) processing is yet to be thoroughly tested in populations with cognitive deficits. The purpose of the current study was to contribute to the field in this regard by assessing SIN performance in a sample of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comparing results with age-matched controls. This population was chosen because core symptoms of ADHD include developmental deficits in cognitive control and working memory capacity and because these top-down processes are thought to reach maturity during adolescence in individuals with typical development. The study utilized natural language sentence materials under experimental conditions that manipulated the dependency on cognitive mechanisms in varying degrees. In addition, participants were tested on cognitive capacity measures of complex working memory-span, selective attention, and lexical access. Primary findings were in support of the ELU-model. Age was shown to significantly covary with SIN performance, and after controlling for age, ADHD participants demonstrated greater difficulty than controls with the experimental manipulations. In addition, overall SIN performance was strongly predicted by individual differences in cognitive capacity. Taken together, the results highlight the general disadvantage persons with deficient cognitive capacity have when attending to speech in typically noisy listening environments. Furthermore, the consistently poorer performance observed in the ADHD group suggests that auditory processing tasks designed to tax attention and working memory capacity may prove to be beneficial clinical instruments when diagnosing ADHD.
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- Cardin, Velia, et al.
(författare)
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Dissociating linguistic and sensory neural plasticity in human superior temporal cortex
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of brain function in deaf individuals provides a unique opportunity not only to understand language independently of speech and hearing, but also to dissociate plastic changes related to adaptive sensory mechanisms from those associated with cognitive processes.In congenitally deaf individuals, sign language[1] and simple visual stimuli[2] reliably elicit activation in the superior temporal cortex (STC), a region usually associated with the processing of auditory input, including speech. However, it is not clear if this plasticity is driven by perceptual or cognitive mechanisms, and disentangling these effects is fundamental for establishing the relationship between the function of cortical regions, and the type of plastic changes that this functional specialisation allows.Here, we show that plastic effects in the STC have a sensory origin, whereas differential activations due to sign language experience are specific to the processing of linguistic stimuli. We dissociated between these two components by characterising the fMRI BOLD response to sign language stimuli in individuals deaf from infancy who were either early and proficient users of a sign language or had no knowledge of a sign language. There was no difference in the level of activation across groups in the right STC, indicating that plasticity in this region is mainly due to sensory deprivation. In contrast, further activations were observed in the group of signers in the left ventral STC, underpinning the role of this region in processing language. None of these activations were observed in a control group of hearing non-signers.These results show that linguistic and sensory factors cause plasticity in anatomically and functionally distinguishable substrates. Furthermore, they demonstrate that functionally distinct cortical areas preserve their perceptual and cognitive roles, but adapt their processing to deal with input from a different modality.1. Nishimura, H. et al. Sign language ‘heard’ in the auditory cortex. Nature 397, 116 (1999).2. Finney, E. M., Fine, I. & Dobkins, K.R. Visual stimuli activate auditory cortex in the deaf. Nature Neurosci 4, 1171-1173 (2001).
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| 6. |
- Cunningham, Janet, et al.
(författare)
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Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Neurological Symptoms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 225:6, s. 965-970
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 16 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and neurological symptoms were assessed using 2 independent methods. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for the virus spike protein was found in 81% of patients in serum and in 56% in CSF. SARS-CoV-2 IgG in CSF was observed in 2 patients with negative serological findings. Levels of IgG in both serum and CSF were associated with disease severity (P < .05). All patients with elevated markers of central nervous system damage in CSF also had CSF antibodies (P = .002), and CSF antibodies had the highest predictive value for neuronal damage markers of all tested clinical variables.
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| 7. |
- Cunningham, Janet L, et al.
(författare)
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Anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody responses in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms.
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of infectious diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6613 .- 0022-1899. ; 225:6, s. 965-970
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in serum and CSF from 16 COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms were assessed using two independent methods. IgG specific for the virus spike protein was found in 81% of cases in serum and in 56% in CSF. SARS-CoV-2 IgG in CSF was observed in two cases with negative serology. Levels of IgG in both serum and CSF were associated with disease severity (p<0.05). All patients with elevated markers of CNS damage in CSF also had CSF antibodies (p=0.002), and CSF antibodies had the highest predictive value for neuronal damage markers of all tested clinical variables.
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- Hygge, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects' ability to just follow conversation in competing speech, reversed speech, and noise backgrounds
- 1992
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Ingår i: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. - 0022-4685. ; 35:1, s. 208-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The performance on a conversation-following task by 24 hearing-impaired persons was compared with that of 24 matched controls with normal hearing in the presence of three background noises: (a) speech-spectrum random noise, (b) a male voice, and (c) the male voice played in reverse. The subjects' task was to readjust the sound level of a female voice (signal), every time the signal voice was attenuated, to the subjective level at which it was just possible to understand what was being said. To assess the benefit of lipreading, half of the material was presented audiovisually and half auditorily only. It was predicted that background speech would have a greater masking effect than reversed speech, which would in turn have a lesser masking effect than random noise. It was predicted that hearing-impaired subjects would perform more poorly than the normal-hearing controls in a background of speech. The influence of lipreading was expected to be constant across groups and conditions. The results showed that the hearing-impaired subjects were equally affected by the three background noises and that normal-hearing persons were less affected by the background speech than by noise. The performance of the normal-hearing persons was superior to that of the hearing-impaired subjects. The prediction about lipreading was confirmed. The results were explained in terms of the reduced temporal resolution by the hearing-impaired subjects.
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- Lugaajju, Allan, et al.
(författare)
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Novel flow cytometry technique for detection of Plasmodium falciparum specific B-cells in humans: increased levels of specific B-cells in ongoing infection.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Malaria Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2875. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is still a major health threat in endemic areas especially for children below 5 years of age. While it is recognized that antibody immunity plays an important role in controlling the disease, knowledge of the mechanisms of sustenance and natural boosting of immunity is very limited. Before, it has not been possible to investigate malaria specific B-cells directly in flow cytometry, making it difficult to know how much of a B cell response is due to malaria, or how much is due to other immunological stimulators.
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