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- Adams, Jonathan, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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The Danish Griffin : The Wreck of an Early Modern Royal Carvel from 1495
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1057-2414 .- 1095-9270. ; 51:1, s. 46-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the waters of the Southern Baltic, off the island of Stora Ekön, lies the wreck of a ship lost in 1495 belonging to King John (Hans) of Denmark (1455–1513). This paper draws on the archaeological investigation of the site since 2013 and summarizes previous archaeological and historical research. In its design, construction, and weapons technology the ship is both a rare example of a large carvel-built ‘great ship’ from the final phase of the Middle Ages and, in its role as floating embassy, a manifestation of socio-political processes of change that transitioned medieval Europe to a global, maritime world.
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- Björdal, Charlotte, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of in situ preservation method applied at a terrestrial archaeological shipwreck site by use of sacrificial wood samples installed for 25 years
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. - : Elsevier. - 0964-8305 .- 1879-0208. ; 176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1995 remains of a 13th century shipwreck, “the Kronholmen cog”, was discovered in sandy soil at a golf green on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Prior to backfilling and in situ preservation, four sacrificial wood samples (SWS) of sound pine sapwood were installed for long-term monitoring of wood decaying processes. In year 2020, the site was re-opened to evaluate the protective nature of the site. All SWS and six archaeological samples were taken for a comparative analysis. Observations by light- and scanning electron microscopy showed severe microbial decomposition by fungi and bacteria. Based on occurrence of decay forms in the wood fibres, soft rot (SR) was identified as the main degrader of both SWS and in the first 2 cm of the heavily eroded archaeological material, accompanied by bacteria (type tunnelling bacteria (TB)). Moderate decay by bacteria (type erosion bacteria, EB) in archaeological samples indicated longer period during the last 700 years under waterlogged and anaerobic condition – e.g., protective. Only initial decay of erosion bacteria (EB) was observed in SWS, strongly indicating a non-protective environment during the last 25 years. Severe brown rot decay was established in SWS and archaeological wood located in the front of the wreck where burial conditions were most critical (0.5 m above groundwater level, and 0.4 below soil/air interface). Here, a total of 0.50 cm surface layer of SWS was lost, yielding an initial decay rate of 20% in 25 years. In general, surfaces were heavily attacked especially for archaeological samples, and plant roots penetrated the soft and degraded surface layer. We conclude that the site since backfilling in 1995 has been semi-oxygenated and has promoted more severe fungal decomposition of cultural heritage. Thus, the site is not able to protect and preserve the precious archaeological remains for future generations and actions must be taken. SWS are concluded to be an important technique for long term monitoring of archaeological sites preserved in situ.
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- Dimitrov, Kalin, et al.
(författare)
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Подводни археологически разкопки в залива пред устието на река ропотамо : [Underwater archaeological excavations in the sea bay at the mouth of Ropotamo river]
- 2019
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Ingår i: Archaeological discoveries and excavation. - : National Archaeological Institute with Museum in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. - 1313-0889 .- 2603-3658. ; , s. 743-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2018 the second season of renewed underwater archaeological research in the bay in front of the mouth of the Ropotamo River was held. Two 5 x 5 m trenches were explored at a depth of 1.2 m, in which materials from the Ottoman period to the Pre-Roman era were found (Fig. 1). The numerous findings from the historic periods are interpreted as accumulation in harbour used intensively in the past. In the western half of the studied area a trench 2.5 m by 8.0 m was made, reaching a depth at the bottom of more than 2.5 m (Fig. 2 – 3). In this trench the remains of the underlying Early Bronze Age (EBA) settlement were studied. Eleven vertically placed wooden posts (Fig. 2.4), handmade ceramics and pieces of burned clay were found. Nine 14C samples were taken from 3 wooden posts that dated the Ropotamo EBA settlement in the transition between the 4th and the 3th mill. BC (3080 – 2970 cal. BC (95.4% probability) or 3070 – 3000 cal. BC (68.2% probability).
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- Dimitrov, Kalin, et al.
(författare)
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ПОДВОДНИ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ РАЗКОПКИ (РАННА БРОНЗОВА ЕПОХА, АНТИЧНОСТ, ОСМАНСКИ ПЕРИОД) В ЗАЛИВА ПРЕД УСТИЕТО НА Р. РОПОТАМО, ОБЛ. БУРГАС : [Underwater archaeological excavations (Early Bronze Age, Antiquity, Ottoman period) in the sea bay at the mouth of Ropotamo river, Burgas region]
- 2020
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Ingår i: Archaeological discoveries and excavation. - : National Archaeological Institute with Museum in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. - 1313-0889 .- 2603-3658. ; :1, s. 369-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2019, the third season of renewed underwater archaeological excavations took place in the bay between CapeSt. Dimitar (Skombolito) and the mouth of Ropotamo River (fig. 1). The work was conducted in two stages (June – early July and September – October) with a total of 49 working days. The study had the following main research goals and objectives:To excavate the EBA layer over the entire technologically possible area of T2–T3.To make a stratigraphic trench below the EBA layer in order to determine whether there is earlier occupationor other anthropogenic activity at the site.To excavate a new area closer to the shore in order to search for the “central part” of the EBA settlement.The main results of the 2019 season can be summarized as follows:The work in T1 and T2–T3 was completed (fig. 2). The underwater landscape has been restored, with metalframes and trench sacks removed.The exploration of a new trench (T4) began (fig. 3), confirming the general observations from previous seasons of the stratigraphic sequence of Ropotamo site – a port accumulation from the historical periods over settlement remainsfrom the EBA (figs 4–5).The quantity and character of the finds and structures discovered in T4 unambiguously indicate that the EBA settlement center lies towards the shore at the base of the shallow waters to the SW of Scombolito Cape (fig. 6).In T2–T3, the hypothesis for the existence of a Chalcolithic settlement below that of the EBA was rejected.It was found that the EBA settlement (at least in the section T2–T3) was built on land and was only later flooded when sea level rose (fig. 2).The detailed stratigraphic observations demonstrated that at the end of the 4th mill. BC in the area of Ropotamothe sea level was -5.80 m below the modern one.
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- Eriksson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Mars (1564) : the initial archaeological investigations of a great 16th-century Swedish warship
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1057-2414 .- 1095-9270. ; 46:1, s. 92-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Before the Swedish warship Mars exploded and sank in action against a combined Danish and Lubeckian fleet in 1564, it was one of the largest ships in the world. In 2011 the wreck was relocated off the island of Oland in the Baltic Sea. Thanks to the favourable conditions in the brackish water, about two thirds of the hull is preserved on the sea bottom, including the stern with the large sterncastle. The aim of this article is to present initial archaeological observations and results of work since 2011. We briefly describe the historical context and research perspectives regarding this wreck.
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