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- Tran, K. B., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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| 2. |
- Zarei, M., et al.
(författare)
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Karst development on a mobile substrate: Konarsiah salt extrusion, Iran
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geological Magazine. - 0016-7568 .- 1469-5081. ; 149:3, s. 412-422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most karst terranes develop slowly on static limestone substrates as part of the global hydrological cycle. Here we introduce the novel concept of a karst morphology developing very rapidly on a more soluble substrate of salt (NaCl) that is moving through its own global cycle. We open with a reminder of karst features and processes in limestone. We then illustrate the global salt cycle using the 180 or so extrusions of Hormoz salt in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. After describing the geology of an example, we consider how it fits into the evolution of salt extrusions. This example, Konarsiah, was chosen for its simple hydrology. Konarsiah is covered by residual soils of the insoluble components that remain in place as the Hormoz salt is dissolved. Dolines in the surface of these soils enlarge and the soils thicken as the moving salt dissolves. The long-term rate of salt dissolution and soil production on Konarsiah are estimated using traditional methods. The calculated age of the thickest, most distal soil is used to constrain the average rate at which the underlying salt flows downslope after extruding from two vents. The average velocities constrained for salt flow are lower than rates of displacement of markers near the summit of Konarsiah measured at irregular intervals over five years. Salt extruding from recently truncated diapirs near the arid south coast of Iran exhibit all the features seen in classical karst terranes. In the more humid mountains inland, vegetated soils protect salt extrusions like Konarsiah from erosion and limit their salt karst features. Soil covers also probably even out salt flow velocities. Salt extrusions advance when such protective covers grow and thicken in humid conditions. They retreat when such protection is lost to erosion in drier conditions. These external signs complement internal recumbent folds in extruded salt that signal intervals of faster salt flow when wet than dry. They also add to the features that render salt extrusions records of climate change.
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