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- Abel-Ollo, K., et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge of HIV serostatus and risk behaviour among injecting drug users in Estonia
- 2009
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Ingår i: AIDS Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-0121 .- 1360-0451. ; 21:7, s. 851-857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used the findings from two, cross-sectional studies of HIV serostatus and risk behaviours to assess the effects of knowledge of HIV serostatus and risk behaviours (relating to sex and injection drug use) among injecting drug users (IDUs). Respondent-driven sampling was used simultaneously at two sites in Estonia (the capital Tallinn, and the second-largest city of Ida-Virumaa County, Kohtla-Järve). The research tool was an interviewer-administered survey. Biological samples were collected for HIV testing. Participants were categorised into three groups based on HIV testing results and self-report on HIV serostatus: HIV-negative (n=133); HIV-positive unaware of their serostatus (n=75); and HIV-positive aware of their serostatus (n=168). In total, 65% of the participants tested positive for HIV. Of those 69% were aware of their positive serostatus. HIV-positive IDUs aware of their serostatus exhibited more risk behaviours than their HIV-positive counterparts unaware of their serostatus or HIV-negative IDUs. Effective prevention of HIV among IDUs should therefore, include programmes to reduce high-risk sexual and drug use behaviours at the public health scale and enhanced prevention efforts focusing on HIV-infected individuals.
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- Talu, A., et al.
(författare)
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HIV infection and risk behaviour of primary fentanyl and amphetamine injectors in Tallinn, Estonia : Implications for intervention
- 2009
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Ingår i: International journal on drug policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0955-3959 .- 1873-4758. ; 21:1, s. 56-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Following a heroin shortage, fentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, known as “China White” and “White Persian”, have become the most widely used drugs, along with amphetamine, among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tallinn, Estonia. Methods In order to assess the relationships between the injection of fentanyl and amphetamine, and levels of HIV prevalence and risk behaviour, 350 current IDUs were recruited using respondent-driven sampling for an interviewer-administered unlinked cross-sectional survey and HIV testing. IDUs were categorised into groups based on self-report of the main drug used within the last 28 days. Results 77% (256/331) of participants reported fentanyl and 23% (75/331) amphetamine as their main drug of injection. HIV prevalence was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.45–35.51) and 62% (95% CI: 56.97–67.03) among amphetamine and fentanyl injectors, respectively. After adjustment, fentanyl injectors had three times the odds of being HIV positive (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.55–5.39). They also had higher odds for injecting in the street with a previously used needle/syringe (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.14–5.04) and sharing a needle/syringe with somebody known to have HIV (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.33–6.79). Fentanyl injectors also had higher odds for lifetime overdose (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.65–5.54). Conclusion The injection of fentanyl is associated with elevated injecting risk behaviour derived from injection practice and situational risk factors, and needs urgently targeted interventions.
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- Rajaleid, K., et al.
(författare)
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Does the strength of the association between foetal growth rate and ischaemic heart disease mortality differ by social circumstances in early or later life?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 62:5, s. e6-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To study whether the effect of size at birth on the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) death is modified by social circumstances in childhood or in adulthood. Design: A cohort study. Data on circumstances at birth were retrieved from archived obstetric records, social characteristics in adulthood and mortality follow-up through routine registers. Participants: 6159 men and 5663 women who were born in Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden (the Uppsala Birth Cohort) during 1915–1929, were singleton births with more than 30 weeks of gestational age and were alive in 1961. Follow-up time 1961–2002 (from age 31–46 to 73–88 years). Main outcome measure: Death from IHD. Multivariate Cox regression with age as the time scale, controlling for year of birth and stratified by gender. Results: The risk of IHD death was lower among men and women with higher weight for gestational age. Lower social class in adulthood was associated with a higher risk of IHD death. The effect of size at birth on IHD mortality did not appear to be modified by social class at birth but was only present in men of higher social class in adulthood (hazard ratio per 1 SD weight for gestational age 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.93). Conclusions: Weight for gestational age was inversely associated with the risk of IHD death in men and women; this effect was present in men of non-manual adult social class only but did not appear to be modified by adult social class in women or by social class at birth in either men or women.
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