| 1. |
- Carini, A., et al.
(författare)
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Proteomic investigation of the blue mussel larval shell organic matrix
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Structural Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1047-8477. ; 208:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shell matrix proteins (SMPs) are occluded within molluscan shells and are fundamental to the biological control over mineralization. While many studies have been performed on adult SMPs, those of larval stages remain largely undescribed. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the larval shell proteome of the blue mussel for the first time and to compare it to adult mussel shell proteomes. Following development of a method for cleaning larval shells of tissue contaminants, 49 SMPs were identified using shotgun proteomics. Twenty-one proteins were independently identified in all samples indicating that they form a subset of the core larval shell proteome. These included: the blue mussel shell protein, a peroxidase domain-containing sequence, a laminin G domain-containing sequence, a ZIP domain-containing sequence and a ferric-chelate reductase 1-like sequence. Additional SMP domains identified were: fibronectin type III, BPTI/Kunitz, chitin-binding type 3, thyroglobulin and EF-hand. While key predictable molluscan shell matrix functions are identified, 67% of sequences remain unknown or uncharacterized, indicating that this shell proteome is unique to mussel larvae. Specifically, comparison with adult mytilids reveals that nine domains are exclusive to the larval shell proteome and only four domains are conserved among species and developmental stages. Thus, strong species-specific and ontogenetic variation exists in shell proteome composition.
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| 2. |
- Clements, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Animal size and sea water temperature, but not pH, influence a repeatable startle response behaviour in a wide-ranging marine mollusc
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472. ; 173, s. 191-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Startle response behaviours are important in predator avoidance and escape for a wide array of animals. For many marine invertebrates, however, startle response behaviours are understudied, and the effects of global change stressors on these responses are unknown. We exposed two size classes of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis x trossulus) to different combinations of temperature (15 and 19 degrees C) and pH (8.2 and 7.5 pH(T)) for 3 months and subsequently measured individual time to open following a tactile predator cue (i.e. startle response time) over a series of four consecutive trials. Time to open was highly repeatable in the short term and decreased linearly across the four trials. Individuals from the larger size class had a shorter time to open than their smaller-sized counterparts. High temperature increased time to open compared to low temperature, while pH had no effect. These results suggest that bivalve time to open is repeatable, related to relative vulnerability to predation and affected by temperature. Given that increased closure times impact feeding and respiration, the effect of temperature on closure duration may play a role in the sensitivity to ocean warming in this species and contribute to ecosystem level effects. (C) 2020 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Clements, J. C., et al.
(författare)
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Roll, right, repeat: short-term repeatability in the self-righting behaviour of a cold-water sea cucumber
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0025-3154 .- 1469-7769. ; 100:1, s. 115-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many benthic marine invertebrates, inversion (being turned upside-down) is a common event that can increase vulnerability to predation, desiccation and unwanted spatial transport, and requires behavioural 'self-righting' to correct. While self-righting behaviour has been studied for more than a century, the repeatability (R) - the portion of behavioural variance due to inter-individual differences - of this trait is not well understood. Heritability and the evolution of animal behaviour rely on behavioural repeatability. Here, we examined the self-righting technique of a cold-water holothurid, Parastichopus tremulus, and assessed the repeatability of this behaviour. Under laboratory conditions, P. tremulus consistently used muscle contractions to curl its body and roll itself back to an upright position, which provided for rapid (x +/- SD = 96.7 +/- 49.8 s) and highly repeatable (R = 0.75) self-righting in the short term that varied between individuals (range of individual average righting times = 34.8-217.0 s). Righting time tended to increase with animal size; however, substantial variation was evident at comparable sizes, as average righting time ranged from 34.8-155.5 s for animals similar to 20 cm in body length. Contrary to previous studies on other echinoderms, we found no evidence of improved righting times for P. tremulus over time. This study ultimately provides the first detailed documentation of self-righting behaviour for P. tremulus and suggests that this species displays a high degree of repeatability for this trait in the short term.
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| 4. |
- Kumar, S. Anil, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond just being foot soldiers : osmotin like protein ( OLP ) and chitinase ( Chi11 ) genes act as sentinels to confront salt, drought, and fungal stress tolerance in tomato
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental and Experimental Botany. - : Elsevier. - 0098-8472 .- 1873-7307. ; 132, s. 53-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osmotin like protein (OLP) and chitinase (Chi11) belong to pathogenesis-related (PR) class of proteins and are induced during both biotic and abiotic stresses. Transgenic tomato was developed with OLP and Chi11 via in vitro and in planta transformation methods. Transgenes integration and transcript levels were confirmed by multiplex PCR, DNA blot, and multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR. Homozygous T2 transgenics when evaluated for salt, drought, and fungal stresses showed enhanced tolerance compared to untransformed controls (UC). Transgenics showed enhanced endochitinase activity and root biomass under normal conditions. Transformants also displayed higher proline content, K+, relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, total biomass, vascular conductivity, and fruit yield than the UC under stress conditions. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that Chi11 co-expresses with phosphofructokinase2 (PFK2), which may play a role in enhanced root biomass. qPCR analysis resulted in higher transcript levels of OLP, Chi11, and PFK2 in transgenics as compared to the untransformed controls. Our findings suggest the use of multiples genes to confer multiple stress tolerance for enhanced crop productivity. This work unveils a new molecular player PFK2, which may play a role in enhanced root biomass.
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| 5. |
- Ramesh, Kirti, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of calcification-related ion transporters during blue mussel larval development
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 9:12, s. 7157-7172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The physiological processes driving the rapid rates of calcification in larval bivalves are poorly understood. Here, we use a calcification substrate-limited approach (low dissolved inorganic carbon, C-T) and mRNA sequencing to identify proteins involved in bicarbonate acquisition during shell formation. As a secondary approach, we examined expression of ion transport and shell matrix proteins (SMPs) over the course of larval development and shell formation. We reared four families of Mytilus edulis under ambient (ca. 1865 mu mol/kg) and low C-T (ca. 941 mu mol/kg) conditions and compared expression patterns at six developmental time points. Larvae reared under low C-T exhibited a developmental delay, and a small subset of contigs was differentially regulated between ambient and low C-T conditions. Of particular note was the identification of one contig encoding an anion transporter (SLC26) which was strongly upregulated (2.3-2.9 fold) under low C-T conditions. By analyzing gene expression profiles over the course of larval development, we are able to isolate sequences encoding ion transport and SMPs to enhance our understanding of cellular pathways underlying larval calcification processes. In particular, we observe the differential expression of contigs encoding SLC4 family members (sodium bicarbonate cotransporters, anion exchangers), calcium-transporting ATPases, sodium/calcium exchangers, and SMPs such as nacrein, tyrosinase, and transcripts related to chitin production. With a range of candidate genes, this work identifies ion transport pathways in bivalve larvae and by applying comparative genomics to investigate temporal expression patterns, provides a foundation for further studies to functionally characterize the proteins involved in larval calcification.
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| 6. |
- Ramesh, Kirti, et al.
(författare)
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Intracellular pH regulation in mantle epithelial cells of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systems and Environmental Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0174-1578. ; 190, s. 691-700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shell formation and repair occurs under the control of mantle epithelial cells in bivalve molluscs. However, limited information is available on the precise acid-base regulatory machinery present within these cells, which are fundamental to calcification. Here, we isolate mantle epithelial cells from the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigasand utilise live cell imaging in combination with the fluorescent dye, BCECF-AM to study intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation. To elucidate the involvement of various ion transport mechanisms, modified seawater solutions (low sodium, low bicarbonate) and specific inhibitors for acid-base proteins were used. Diminished pH recovery in the absence of Na(+)and under inhibition of sodium/hydrogen exchangers (NHEs) implicate the involvement of a sodium dependent cellular proton extrusion mechanism. In addition, pH recovery was reduced under inhibition of carbonic anhydrases. These data provide the foundation for a better understanding of acid-base regulation underlying the physiology of calcification in bivalves.
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| 7. |
- Ramesh, Kirti, et al.
(författare)
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Photographic characterisation of acidification-induced larval malformations in the European lobster Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Nephropidae)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Crustacean Biology. - 0278-0372 .- 1937-240X. ; 43:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Occurrence of developmental malformations is of interest since they potentially influence organismal performance and fitness. We report an increased incidence (∼ 46 fold) of physical malformations in the larvae of the American lobster Homarus Gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) in response to seawater acidification (-0.58 pH units relative to nominal pH 8.0). We observed three malformations under the influence of seawater acidification previously undescribed in lobster larvae: a flared carapace, twisted tail, and cross claw. Larvae reared under seawater acidification exhibit significantly lower survivorship (by ∼14%) and the occurrence of a malformation decreases survivorship (12.7%). Larvae with four types of malformations did not progress through development to reach post-larval stages. Namely, these malformations were a flared carapace, curled carapace, twisted tail, and cross claw. Results from this study provide photographic documentation of various lobster larval malformations that ultimately affect individual success and can be applied for quality-control in hatcheries.
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