| 1. |
- Bejnö, Hampus, et al.
(författare)
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Emergent Language Responses Following Match-to-Sample Training among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy / Revista Internacional de Psicologia y Terapia Psicologica. - 1577-7057 .- 2340-2857. ; 18:1, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study explored the effects of match-to-sample training on emergent responses in the domains of receptive and expressive language among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in an applied setting. A concurrent multiple probe design across six participants was applied, with a follow-up after 10 days. All six children participated in a match-to-sample training procedure. The participants were trained to match a picture card of an item with a word card corresponding to the name of the item, and a word card of an item with a picture card corresponding to the name of the item. After training, three participants developed the emergent responses of receptively identifying and expressively naming both picture cards and word cards. There was a correspondence between acquired matching skills and the development of emergent language responses. Follow-up measures showed that the acquired emergent responses remained somewhat stable over time. The results are discussed in relation to prior research and in terms of implications for teaching children with ASD language skills in applied settings such as preschools. The results are also discussed in relation to the participant’s prior verbal skills and to the retention of emergent language responses.
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| 2. |
- Ejeby, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
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Randomized controlled trial of transdiagnostic group treatments for primary care patients with common mental disorders
- 2014
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Ingår i: Family Practice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0263-2136 .- 1460-2229. ; 31:3, s. 273-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The purpose was to test the effectiveness of two transdiagnostic group interventions compared to care as usual (CAU) for patients with anxiety, depressive or stress-related disorders within a primary health care context. Objectives. To compare the effects of cognitive-based-behavioural therapy (CBT) and multimodal intervention (MMI) on the quality of life and relief of psychological symptoms of patients with common mental disorders or problems attending primary health care centre. Methods. Patients (n = 278), aged 18-65 years, were referred to the study by the GPs and 245 were randomized to CAU or one of two group interventions in addition to CAU: (i) group CBT administered by psychologists and (ii) group MMI administered by assistant nurses. The primary outcome measure was the Mental Component Summary score of short form 36. Secondary outcome measures were Perceived Stress Scale and Self-Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes. The data were analysed using intention-to-treat with a linear mixed model. Results. On the primary outcome measure, the mean improvement based on mixed model analyses across post-and follow-up assessment was significantly larger for the MMI group than for the CBT (4.0; P = 0.020) and CAU (7.5; P = .001) groups. Participants receiving CBT were significantly more improved than those in the CAU group. On four of the secondary outcome measures, the MMI group was significantly more improved than the CBT and CAU groups. The course of improvement did not differ between the CBT group and the CAU group on these measures. Conclusions. Transdiagnostic group treatment can be effective for patients with common mental disorders when delivered in a primary care setting. The group format and transdiagnostic approach fit well with the requirements of primary care.
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| 3. |
- Ejeby, Kersti, et al.
(författare)
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Symptom reduction due to psychosocial interventions is not accompanied by a reduction in sick leave : Results from a randomized controlled trial in primary care
- 2014
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 32:2, s. 67-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To investigate whether interventions that have positive effects on psychological symptoms and quality of life compared with usual care would also reduce days on sick leave. Design. A randomized controlled trial. Setting. A large primary health care centre in Stockholm, Sweden. Intervention. Patients with common mental disorders were recruited by their GPs and randomized into one of two group interventions that took place in addition to usual care. These group interventions were: (a) group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and (b) group multimodal intervention (MMI). Both types of intervention had previously shown significant effects on quality of life, and MMI had also shown significant effects on psychological symptoms. Patients. Of the 245 randomized patients, 164 were employed and had taken sick leave periods of at least two weeks in length during the study period of two years. They comprised the study group. Main outcome measures. The odds, compared with usual care, for being sick-listed at different times relative to the date of randomization. Results. The mean number of days on sick leave increased steadily in the two years before randomization and decreased in the two years afterwards, showing the same pattern for all three groups. The CBT and MMI interventions did not show the expected lower odds for sick-listing compared with usual care during the two-year follow-up. Conclusion. Reduction in psychological symptoms and increased well-being did not seem to be enough to reduce sickness absence for patients with common mental problems in primary care. The possibility of adding workplace-oriented interventions is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Folke, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure and response prevention in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder : A case series
- 2012
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Ingår i: Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. - : National Register of Health Service Psychologists. - 1553-0124. ; 8:4, s. 255-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This case study investigates the effect of exposure and response prevention in relation to other components present in behavioral therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Treatment components were added one at a time in four consecutive phases: A1) Self-Monitoring; B) Therapist Contact; C) Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP); and, A2) Renewed Self-Monitoring. Client assessment involved (a) a daily self-report diary of BDD symptoms throughout treatment and (b) periodic completion of standardized self-report measures tapping BDD symptoms and related symptoms of depression and global functioning. In all, six clients participated in the study. Three clients (Ms. A, Ms. B, and Ms. C) made large or relatively large improvements in their daily self-reported BDD symptoms during the exposure and response prevention treatment phase. A fourth client (Mr. D) did not make such an improvement during this phase, but made overall progress over the course of treatment. All four of these clients achieved statistically significant improvement over baseline on the standardized BDD measure. One client (Ms. E) dropped out of treatment during the ERP phase, and one (Ms. F) chose not to proceed to the ERP phase after receiving education about it. The results indicate that beneficial effects of treatment occurred during the ERP phase for three of the clients, and thus suggest that this component should, in spite of clients’ almost reflexive, initial skepticism, be considered essential in the behavioral treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. The variety of reactions of the different clients to the treatments is documented and discussed, along with an analysis of the factors that differentiated those clients who found the ERP phase helpful and those who did not.
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| 5. |
- Holmqvist Larsson, Mattias, 1977-
(författare)
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Rupture and Repair in the Working Alliance : Relation to Psychotherapy Outcome and Within-Session Interaction
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ruptures and repairs are processes related to shifts in the collaborative relationship Cthe working allianceJ between patient and therapist in psychotherapy. Ta study ruptures and repairs is one way ta disentangle mechanisms that might underlie the association between the working alliance and psychotherapy outcome. The overarching aim af this thesis was ta analyze the clinical relevance af the rupture and repair concepts at different process levels. The same three alliance patterns were investigated in the three empirical studies: the rupture pattern, the repair pattern, and the no-rupture/stable pattern. The analyses af the alliance patterns moved fromwhole treatments ta session segments. In Study I ruptures were found ta be associated with worse outcomes than treatments without ruptures. Repairs were, in longer therapies, shown ta be related ta better outcomes than norupture treatments. In Study Il it was found that the three alliance patterns could be discerned within sessions. Ruptures and repairs within sessions were found ta be associated with patient-ratings af the working alliance. In Study 111 the alliance patterns were found ta be related ta different interaction patterns within sessions. In these analyses, importont patient contributions ta repairs af ruptures were found.
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| 6. |
- Jansson, Billy, et al.
(författare)
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A Structured Approach to Goal Formulation in Psychotherapy : Differences between Patients and Controls
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy / Revista Internacional de Psicologia y Terapia Psicologica. - 1577-7057 .- 2340-2857. ; 15:2, s. 181-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Therapeutic goals are considered a vital component in psychological treatments, but to date relatively little attention has been paid to the assessment and evaluation of these goals. In order to validate of a self-rating version of the Bern Inventory of Therapeutic goals checklist (BIT-C), the present study investigated if goals, measured this way, can differentiate between patients (n= 147) and healthy controls (n= 106). Results suggested that BIT-C was successful in discriminating between client and non-clients. Most importantly, clients had a higher tendency to endorse goal categories related to depressive symptoms, substance abuse, coping with somatic problems and current relationships, but a lower tendency to endorse goal categories relating to eating behaviors compared to non-patients. Further, patients perceived attainment of prioritized goals as more distant than non-patients did. The results were discussed in terms of BIT-C being a measure that can be readily applied to identify key targets in psychological treatments.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Arbitrarily applicable relational responding as non-axiomatic logical reasoning
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th SweCog Conference. - Skövde : University of Skövde. - 9789198366730 ; , s. 7-9
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the research tradition called “contextual behavioral science” (Zettle, Hayes, & Barnes-Holmes, 2016) it is argued that a large part of cognitive phenomena are made possible due to a type of operant behavior known as “arbitrarily applicable relational responding”. Relational Frame Theory (RFT; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001; Roche & Dymond, 2013) is a contextual behavioral account of language and cognition. RFT aims to develop a unified account of language and cognition and have been showed to account for as diverse topics as language development, the emergence of a self, human suffering, intelligence, problem solving, etc. The fundamental thesis of RFT is that language and cognition are all instances of arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR). According to this perspective, relating means responding to one event in terms of another. While both non-humans and humans are able to respond relationally, only humans seem to able to do this arbitrarily. For example, a human being can be presented with three similar coins and being told that “coin A is worth less than coin B, which in turn is worth less than coin C”. The fact that a human being in some context would immediately pick coin A, is to RFT an example of AARR in which stimuli are arbitrarily related along a comparative dimension of worth.NARS (Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System; Wang, 2006, 2013) is a project aiming to building a general purpose intelligent system. An assumption in NARS is that the essence of intelligence is the principle of adapting to the environment while working with insufficient knowledge and resources. Accordingly, an intelligent system should rely on finite processing capacity, work in real time, be open to unexpected tasks, and learn from experience. NARS is built as a reasoning system, using a formal specification “non-axiomatic logic” (NAL) to define its functionality. NAL is designed incrementally with multiple layers. At each layer, NAL and its internal language Narsese are extended to have a higher expressive power, a richer semantics, and a larger set of inference rules, so as to increase the intelligence of the system. The reasoning process in NARS uniformly carries out many cognitive functions that are traditionally studied as separate processes with different mechanisms, such as learning, perceiving, planning, predicting, remembering, problem solving, decision making, etc.The primary aim of this work is to investigate if NARS can do AARR with gradually increasing complexity, and under which conditions this is made possible. Potential applications are for example describing and exploring mental health phenomena within an artificial general intelligence framework.
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| 8. |
- Kaldo, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Involving clients in treatment methods : A neglected interaction in the therapeutic relationship
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-006X .- 1939-2117. ; 83:6, s. 1136-1141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The authors investigate a model on how clients’ differential involvement in therapeutic methods mediates the effect of therapist support in psychological treatment—in this case, a cognitive behaviorally based bibliotherapy for insomnia, administered with or without supportive telephone calls. Method: Eighty-nine participants, who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for insomnia, had a mean age of 49.1 years (range, 18–73 years) and were predominantly female (77%), fairly well educated, and mainly Caucasian. Participants were randomized between a bibliotherapeutic self-help treatment and the same treatment with the addition of therapist support. Primary outcome measure was the Insomnia Severity Index. Data on involvement in different methods and aspects of the treatment were estimated by clients at posttreatment and validated against therapist ratings of client involvement during treatment. Structural equation modeling was used to test if the effect of therapeutic support on outcome was mediated by involvement in treatment. Results: Carrying out the treatment with therapist support significantly boosted the therapeutic effects. A mediational analysis with involvement in the three key treatment methods (sleep restriction, sleep compression, and stimulus control) as the mediator fully mediated the differential effect between the two conditions (Sobel test; r = .31; z = 2.173; p < .05) and explained 68.4% of the total effect. Conclusions: Therapeutic support improved outcome via higher patient involvement rather than having a direct effect on outcome. Thus, relationship and methods could be regarded as interactional, and patient involvement should be considered. These factors could be further studied in treatments where specific ingredients within the therapeutic contact can be experimentally manipulated.
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| 9. |
- Linde, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Acceptance-Based Exposure Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder : a Pilot Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavior Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7894 .- 1878-1888. ; 46:4, s. 423-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe, chronic, and disabling disorder, and although some controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) have shown efficacy, the body of evidence is still limited. The condition is generally considered difficult to treat, and further research to determine the effectiveness of psychological treatments for BDD is needed. The present study is the first to evaluate an acceptance-based therapy for BDD. In total, 21 patients received a 12-week group treatment consisting of weekly sessions of psychoeducation, acceptance and defusion practice, and exposure exercises to foster acceptance of internal discomfort and to strengthen the patients’ committed purposeful actions. The primary outcome was BDD symptomatology (measured on the BDD-YBOCS) assessed by a psychiatrist before and after treatment and at 6 months follow-up. The secondary outcomes were self-rated BDD symptoms, psychological flexibility, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and disability. Reductions in BDD symptomatology from pre- to posttreatment were significant and showed a large effect size, d = 1.93 (95% CI 0.82–3.04). At posttreatment, 68% of the participants showed clinically significant improvement in the primary outcome variable. Treatment gains were maintained at 6 months follow-up. The treatment also resulted in significant improvements in all secondary outcomes. The dropout rate was low; 90.5% of the participants completed treatment. This study suggests that acceptance-based exposure therapy may be an efficacious and acceptable treatment for BDD that warrants further investigation in larger controlled trials.
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| 10. |
- Lindner, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Studying Gambling Behaviors and Responsible Gambling Tools in a Simulated Online Casino Integrated With Amazon Mechanical Turk : Development and Initial Validation of Survey Data and Platform Mechanics of the Frescati Online Research Casino
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078 .- 1664-0640. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Online gambling, popular among both problem and recreational gamblers, simultaneously entails both heightened addiction risks as well as unique opportunities for prevention and intervention. There is a need to bridge the growing literature on learning and extinction mechanisms of gambling behavior, with account tracking studies using real-life gambling data. In this study, we describe the development and validation of the Frescati Online Research Casino (FORC): a simulated online casino where games, visual themes, outcome sizes, probabilities, and other variables of interest can be experimentally manipulated to conduct behavioral analytic studies and evaluate the efficacy of responsible gambling tools.Methods: FORC features an initial survey for self-reporting of gambling and gambling problems, along with several games resembling regular real-life casino games, designed to allow Pavlovian and instrumental learning. FORC was developed with maximum flexibility in mind, allowing detailed experiment specification by setting parameters using an online interface, including the display of messages. To allow convenient and rapid data collection from diverse samples, FORC is independently hosted yet integrated with the popular crowdsourcing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk through a reimbursement key mechanism. To validate the survey data quality and game mechanics of FORC, n = 101 participants were recruited, who answered an questionnaire on gambling habits and problems, then played both slot machine and card-draw type games. Questionnaire and trial-by-trial behavioral data were analyzed using standard psychometric tests, and outcome distribution modeling.Results: The expected associations among variables in the introductory questionnaire were found along with good psychometric properties, suggestive of good quality data. Only 6% of participants provided seemingly poor behavioral data. Game mechanics worked as intended: gambling outcomes showed the expected pattern of random sampling with replacement and were normally distributed around the set percentages, while balances developed according to the set return to player rate.Conclusions: FORC appears to be a valid paradigm for simulating online gambling and for collecting survey and behavioral data, offering a valuable compromise between stringent experimental paradigms with lower external validity, and real-world gambling account tracking data with lower internal validity.
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