| 1. |
- Roos, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
-
Hematologically important mutations : The autosomal forms of chronic granulomatous disease (third update)
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases. - : Elsevier BV. - 1079-9796. ; 92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency disorder affecting about 1 in 250,000 individuals. CGD patients suffer from severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. The disease is caused by mutations in the genes encoding the components of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. This enzyme produces superoxide, which is subsequently metabolized to hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). These products are essential for intracellular killing of pathogens by phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages). The leukocyte NADPH oxidase is composed of five subunits, four of which are encoded by autosomal genes. These are CYBA, encoding p22phox, NCF1, encoding p47phox, NCF2, encoding p67phox and NCF4, encoding p40phox. This article lists all mutations identified in these genes in CGD patients. In addition, cytochrome b558 chaperone-1 (CYBC1), recently recognized as an essential chaperone protein for the expression of the X-linked NADPH oxidase component gp91phox (also called Nox2), is encoded by the autosomal gene CYBC1. Mutations in this gene also lead to CGD. Finally, RAC2, a small GTPase of the Rho family, is needed for activation of the NADPH oxidase, and mutations in the RAC2 gene therefore also induce CGD-like symptoms. Mutations in these last two genes are also listed in this article.
|
|
| 2. |
- Sbarra, AN, et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 589:7842, s. 415-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
|
|
| 3. |
- Singh, Prashant, et al.
(författare)
-
A review on biochar composites for soil remediation applications : Comprehensive solution to contemporary challenges
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-3437. ; 11:5
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biochar has emerged as a promising material for solving many environmental challenges. It's derived from biomass pyrolysis and acts as a carbon shuttle between the atmosphere and soil. It also serves as a fertility agent and can remove contaminants from soil. This review aims to understand the effect of the choice of preparation methods and process parameters like temperature, feedstock, and additives on the characteristics of biochar. A detailed investigation into how biochar modifications enhance biochar properties and stability has been provided. Mechanisms of biochar composite applications for remediation of contaminated soil, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility enhancement through analysis of relevant research studies have been presented. Further, an effort has been made to discuss and suggest possible optimization of biochar preparation to achieve multiple goals in soil collectively. Specifically, the role of adding metal compounds, minerals, and ions has been explored. Challenges and conflicting research findings have also been mentioned based on the available literature. This paper majorly focuses on the need to address contemporary challenges like climate change, soil toxicity, and fertility loss holistically and sustainably using biochar composite application in soil. Future research in this field must include biochar applications in temporal and spatial aspects for optimal use.
|
|
