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- Gelin, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Potential controlled anion absorption in a novel high surface area composite of Cladophora cellulose and polypyrrole
- 2009
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 54:12, s. 3394-3401
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrochemical properties of a novel composite paper material of high surface area consisting of polypyrrole (PPy) deposited on cellulose derived from Cladophora sp. algae have been investigated in electrolytes containing different concentrations of nitrate, chloride and p-toluene sulfonate, as well as in solutions containing both p-toluene sulfonate and chloride. The oxidation mechanism and the dependence of the oxidation behavior of the polypyrrole, which was obtained by oxidation of pyrrole with iron(III) chloride, on the anion type and concentration have been studied. Current nucleation maxima, appearing at different times depending on the anion concentration, were obtained during the oxidation of the reduced polymers as a result of the combined action of the formation and growth of conducting polymer strands and anion diffusion. No loss of capacity was seen during repeated oxidation and reduction of the polymer indicating that trapping of anions in the reduced polymer did not limit the electroactivity of the present material. The latter can be explained by the thin polymer layer present on the cellulose substrate. During the oxidation of the polymer, the anions most likely first cover most of the surface of the composite before diffusing into the bulk of the polymer. The estimated distance between these surface sites was also found to match the size of the anions. For electrolytes containing a mixture of anions, the oxidation charge depends on the concentration and size of the different anions.The combination of the thin polymer coating and the large specific surface area of the composite give rise to a high ion absorption capacity even for large anions. Hence, the investigated material should be well-suited for use in biotechnological applications involving, e.g., desalting and extraction of proteins and DNA from biological samples.
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| 2. |
- Ilyas, Sameen, et al.
(författare)
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Tuning of electrical conduction properties of natural fibers and TiO 2 based flexible paper composite sheets by electrodeposition of metallic nanolayers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ceramics International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-8842. ; 47:20, s. 29435-29442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an era of modern smart technology, flexible electrodes are of great interest for different energy conversion as well as energy storage applications like solar cells, all solid-state batteries, and supercapacitors. Flexible metal oxide-based paper electrodes are advantageous in comparison to conventional electrodes due to their economical synthesis, biocompatibility, and environment-friendly characteristics. However, the electrical conductivity of paper electrodes is limited because of the insulating nature of natural fibers employed as a binder for the flexible matrix of metal oxides. The current study is an attempt to tune the electrical properties of lignocelluloses (natural fibers) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) based paper electrodes by facile electrodeposition technique. The crystalline parts (e.g., TiO2, Ag, and Au) of the prepared composite sheets were characterized by XRD analysis while the surface morphology was studied by SEM. FTIR was used to characterize the organic matter in LC fibers by identifying various molecular stretching and vibrational modes of C, H, and O-containing molecules. Electric permittivity was measured as a function of electric field frequency at room temperature which revealed the value of 23. 5 (at 1 kHz) for the sample LC/TiO2/Ag 9000s indicating the best charge storing capability of the sample. Impedance analysis was employed to identify various charge carrier mechanisms active in the sheets. It was found through impedance analysis that there is an active diffusion-controlled impedance mechanism of Au-coated samples causing an increased conductivity via the ionic diffusion. This diffusion-controlled conduction was modeled by the Warburg element. The enhanced conductivity due to ionic diffusion makes these samples more useful as electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of the electrodeposited samples established the increase in conductive properties and efficient kinetics of LC/TiO2 paper sheets. The current study suggests that Ag and Au-coated paper electrodes can be potential candidates for energy conversion and storage applications.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Mihranyan, Albert, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of the nanocellulose raw material characteristics on the electrochemical and mechanical properties of conductive paper electrodes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0022-2461 .- 1573-4803. ; 47:10, s. 4463-4472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paper-based conductive electrode materials of polypyrrole (PPy) and nanocellulose (NC) have received much attention lately for applications in non-metal-based energy storage devices, ion exchange, etc. The aim of this study was to study how the primary characteristics of NC raw materials impact and electrochemical properties of conductive NC-PPy composite sheets. Three NC raw materials were used: Cladophora cellulose (NCUU) produced at Uppsala University, Cladophora cellulose (NCFMC) produced at FMC Biopolymer, and microfibrillated cellulose (NCINN) produced at Innventia AB. Composite paper sheets of PPy coated on the substrate NC material were produced. The NC raw materials and the composites were characterized with a battery of techniques to derive their degree of crystallinity, degree of polymerization, specific surface area, pore size distribution, porosity, electron conductivity, charge capacity and tensile properties. It was found that the pore size distribution and overall porosity increase upon coating of NC fibres for all the samples. The charge capacity of the composites was found to decrease with the porosity of the samples. It was further found that the mechanical strength of the pristine NC sheets was largely dependent on the overall porosity, with NCINN having the highest mechanical strength and lowest porosity in the series. The mechanical properties of the composite NC-PPy sheets were significantly diminished as compared with pristine NC sheets because of the impaired H-bonding between fibres and PPy-coated nanofibres. It was concluded that to improve the mechanical properties of PPy-NC sheets, a fraction of additive bare NC fibres is beneficial. Future study may include the effect of both soluble and insoluble additives to improve the mechanical strength of PPy-NC sheets.
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| 8. |
- Nyström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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A Nanocellulose Polypyrrole Composite Based on Microfibrillated Cellulose from Wood
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society. - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 114:12, s. 4178-4182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is demonstrated that it is possible to coat the individual fibers of wood-based nanocellulose with polypyrrole using in situ chemical polymerization to obtain an electrically conducting continuous high-surface-area composite. The experimental results indicate that the high surface area of the water dispersed material, to a large extent, is maintained upon normal drying without the use of any solvent exchange. Thus, the employed chemical polymerization of polypyrrole on the microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers in the hydrogel gives rise to a composite, the structure of which—unlike that of uncoated MFC paper—does not collapse upon drying. The dry composite has a surface area of 90 m2/g and a conductivity of 1.5 S/cm, is electrochemically active, and exhibits an ion-exchange capacity for chloride ions of 289 C/g corresponding to a specific capacity of 80 mAh/g. The straightforwardness of the fabrication of the present nanocellulose composites should significantly facilitate industrial manufacturing of highly porous, electroactive conductive paper materials for applications including ion-exchange and paper-based energy storage devices.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nyström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast All-Polymer Paper-Based Batteries
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nano letters (Print). - : American Chemical Society. - 1530-6984 .- 1530-6992. ; 9:10, s. 3635-3639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conducting polymers for battery applications have been subject to numerous investigations during the last two decades. However, the functional charging rates and the cycling stabilities have so far been found to be insufficient for practical applications. These shortcomings can, at least partially, be explained by the fact that thick layers of the conducting polymers have been used to obtain sufficient capacities of the batteries. In the present letter, we introduce a novel nanostructured high-surface area electrode material for energy storage applications composed of cellulose fibers of algal origin individually coated with a 50 nm thin layer of polypyrrole. Our results show the hitherto highest reported charge capacities and charging rates for an all polymer paper-based battery. The composite conductive paper material is shown to have a specific surface area of 80 m(2) g(-1) and batteries based on this material can be charged with currents as high as 600 mA cm(-2) with only 6% loss in capacity over 100 subsequent charge and discharge cycles. The aqueous-based batteries, which are entirely based on cellulose and polypyrrole and exhibit charge capacities between 25 and 33 mAh g(-1) or 38-50 mAh g(-1) per weight of the active material, open up new possibilities for the production of environmentally friendly, cost efficient, up-scalable and lightweight energy storage systems.
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