| 1. |
- Actis, M., et al.
(författare)
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Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA : an advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Experimental astronomy. - : Springer. - 0922-6435 .- 1572-9508. ; 32:3, s. 193-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA.
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| 2. |
- Acharya, B. S., et al.
(författare)
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Introducing the CTA concept
- 2013
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Ingår i: Astroparticle physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-6505 .- 1873-2852. ; 43, s. 3-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Flock, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the terminal region of the proton pathway in the bacterial nitric oxide reductase
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0162-0134 .- 1873-3344. ; 103:5, s. 845-850
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The c-type nitric oxide reductase (cNOR) from Paracoccus (P.) denitrificans is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes NO reduction; 2NO+2e(-)+2H(+)-->N(2)O+H(2)O. It is also capable of catalyzing the reduction of oxygen to water, albeit more slowly than NO reduction. cNORs are divergent members of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily (HCuOs) which reduce NO, do not pump protons, and the reaction they catalyse is non-electrogenic. All known cNORs have been shown to have five conserved glutamates (E) in the catalytic subunit, by P. denitrificans numbering, the E122, E125, E198, E202 and E267. The E122 and E125 are presumed to face the periplasm and the E198, E202 and E267 are located in the interior of the membrane, close to the catalytic site. We recently showed that the E122 and E125 define the entry point of the proton pathway leading from the periplasm into the active site [U. Flock, F.H. Thorndycroft, A.D. Matorin, D.J. Richardson, N.J. Watmough, P. Adelroth, J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 3839-3845]. Here we present results from the reaction between fully reduced NOR and oxygen on the alanine variants of the E198, E202 and E267. The initial binding of O(2) to the active site was unaffected by these mutations. In contrast, proton uptake to the bound O(2) was significantly inhibited in both the E198A and E267A variants, whilst the E202A NOR behaved essentially as wildtype. We propose that the E198 and E267 are involved in terminating the proton pathway in the region close to the active site in NOR.
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| 5. |
- Huang, Yafei, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate binding and the catalytic reactions in cbb3-type oxidases : the lipid membrane modulates ligand binding
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3002 .- 1878-2434 .- 0005-2728. ; 1797:6-7, s. 724-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heme-copper oxidases (HCuOs) are the terminal components of the respiratory chain in the mitochondrial membrane or the cell membrane in many bacteria. These enzymes reduce oxygen to water and use the free energy from this reaction to maintain a proton-motive force across the membrane in which they are embedded. The heme-copper oxidases of the cbb3-type are only found in bacteria, often pathogenic ones since they have a low Km for O2, enabling the bacteria to colonize semi-anoxic environments. Cbb3-type (C) oxidases are highly divergent from the mitochondrial-like aa3-type (A) oxidases, and within the heme-copper oxidase family, cbb3 is the closest relative to the most divergent member, the bacterial nitric oxide reductase (NOR). Nitric oxide reductases reduce NO to N2O without coupling the reaction to the generation of any electrochemical proton gradient. The significant structural differences between A- and C-type heme-copper oxidases are manifested in the lack in cbb3 of most of the amino acids found to be important for proton pumping in the A-type, as well as in the different binding characteristics of ligands such as CO, O2 and NO. Investigations of the reasons for these differences at a molecular level have provided insights into the mechanism of O2 and NO reduction as well as the proton-pumping mechanism in all heme-copper oxidases. In this paper, we discuss results from these studies with the focus on the relationship between proton transfer and ligand binding and reduction. In addition, we present new data, which show that CO binding to one of the c-type hemes of CcoP is modulated by protein-lipid interactions in the membrane. These results show that the heme c-CO binding can be used as a probe of protein-membrane interactions in cbb3 oxidases, and possible physiological consequences for this behavior are discussed.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Huang, Yafei, et al.
(författare)
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Vectorial proton transfer coupled to reduction of O2 and NO by a heme-copper oxidase
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 105:51, s. 20257-20262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The heme-copper oxidase (HCuO) superfamily consists of integral membrane proteins that catalyze the reduction of either oxygen or nitric oxide. The HCuOs that reduce O2 to H2O couple this reaction to the generation of a transmembrane proton gradient by using electrons and protons from opposite sides of the membrane and by pumping protons from inside the cell or organelle to the outside. The bacterial NO-reductases (NOR) reduce NO to N2O (2NO + 2e− + 2H+ → N2O + H2O), a reaction as exergonic as that with O2. Yet, in NOR both electrons and protons are taken from the outside periplasmic solution, thus not conserving the free energy available. The cbb3-type HCuOs catalyze reduction of both O2 and NO. Here, we have investigated energy conservation in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cbb3 oxidase during reduction of either O2 or NO. Whereas O2 reduction is coupled to buildup of a substantial electrochemical gradient across the membrane, NO reduction is not. This means that although the cbb3 oxidase has all of the structural elements for uptake of substrate protons from the inside, as well as for proton pumping, during NO reduction no pumping occurs and we suggest a scenario where substrate protons are derived from the outside solution. This would occur by a reversal of the proton pathway normally used for release of pumped protons. The consequences of our results for the general pumping mechanism in all HCuOs are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Lachmann, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate Control of Internal Electron Transfer in Bacterial Nitric-oxide Reductase
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 285:33, s. 25531-25537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitric-oxide reductase (NOR) from Paracoccus denitrificans catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N2O) (2NO + 2H(+) + 2e(-) -> N2O + H2O) by a poorly understood mechanism. NOR contains two low spin hemes c and b, one high spin heme b(3), and a non-heme iron Fe-B. Here, we have studied the reaction between fully reduced NOR and NO using the ""flow-flash"" technique. Fully (four-electron) reduced NOR is capable of two turnovers with NO. Initial binding of NO to reduced heme b(3) occurs with a time constant of similar to 1 mu s at 1.5 mM NO, in agreement with earlier studies. This reaction is [NO]-dependent, ruling out an obligatory binding of NO to FeB before ligation to heme b(3). Oxidation of hemes b and c occurs in a biphasic reaction with rate constants of 50 s(-1) and 3 s(-1) at 1.5 mM NO and pH 7.5. Interestingly, this oxidation is accelerated as [NO] is lowered; the rate constants are 120 s(-1) and 12 s(-1) at 75 mu M NO. Protons are taken up from solution concomitantly with oxidation of the low spin hemes, leading to an acceleration at low pH. This effect is, however, counteracted by a larger degree of substrate inhibition at low pH. Our data thus show that substrate inhibition in NOR, previously observed during multiple turnovers, already occurs during a single oxidative cycle. Thus, NO must bind to its inhibitory site before electrons redistribute to the active site. The further implications of our data for the mechanism of NO reduction by NOR are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Lee, Hyun Ju, et al.
(författare)
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Functional proton transfer pathways in the heme-copper oxidase superfamily
- 2012
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-2728 .- 1879-2650. ; 1817:4, s. 537-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heme-copper oxidases (HCuOs) terminate the respiratory chain in mitochondria and most bacteria. They are transmembrane proteins that catalyse the reduction of oxygen and use the liberated free energy to maintain a proton-motive force across the membrane. The HCuO superfamily has been divided into the oxygen-reducing A-. B- and C-type oxidases as well as the bacterial NO reductases (NOR), catalysing the reduction of NO in the denitrification process. Proton transfer to the catalytic site in the mitochondrial-like A family occurs through two well-defined pathways termed the D- and K-pathways. The B, C, and NOR families differ in the pathways as well as the mechanisms for proton transfer to the active site and across the membrane. Recent structural and functional investigations, focussing on proton transfer in the B, C and NOR families will be discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory Oxidases.
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| 10. |
- Reimann, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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A pathway for protons in nitric oxide reductase from Paracoccus denitrificans
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3002 .- 1878-2434 .- 0005-2728. ; 1767:5, s. 362-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitric oxide reductase (NOR) from P. denitrificans is a membrane-bound protein complex that catalyses the reduction of NO to N2O (2NO + 2e(-) + 2H(+) -> N2O + H2O) as part of the denitriffication process. Even though NO reduction is a highly exergonic reaction, and NOR belongs to the superfamily of O-2-reducing, proton-pumping heme-copper oxidases (HCuOs), previous measurements have indicated that the reaction catalyzed by NOR is non-electrogenic, i.e. not contributing to the proton electrochemical gradient. Since electrons are provided by donors in the periplasm, this non-electrogenicity implies that the substrate protons are also taken up from the periplasm. Here, using direct measurements in liposome-reconstituted NOR during reduction of both NO and the alternative substrate O-2, we demonstrate that protons are indeed consumed from the 'outside'. First, multiple turnover reduction of O-2 resulted in an increase in pH on the outside of the NOR-vesicles. Second, comparison of electrical potential generation in NOR-liposomes during oxidation of the reduced enzyme by either NO or O-2 shows that the proton transfer signals are very similar for the two substrates proving the usefulness of O-2 as a model substrate for these studies. Last, optical measurements during single-turnover oxidation by O-2 show electron transfer coupled to proton uptake from outside the NOR-liposomes with a tau = 15 ms, similar to results obtained for net proton uptake in solubilised NOR [U. Flock, N.J. Watmough, P. Adelroth, Electron/proton coupling in bacterial nitric oxide reductase during reduction of oxygen, Biochemistry 44 (2005) 10711-10719]. NOR must thus contain a proton transfer pathway leading from the periplasmic surface into the active site. Using homology modeling with the structures of HCuOs as templates, we constructed a 3D model of the NorB catalytic subunit from P. denitrificans in order to search for such a pathway. A plausible pathway, consisting of conserved protonatable residues, is suggested.
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