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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bernhard-Oettel, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Job insecurity in the temporary workforce : A moderated mediation model linking volition, job insecurity and contract expectations to well-being
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. - Nottingham, UK : Nottingham University Press. - 9781907284465 ; , s. 53-53
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Although temporary work almost inevitably involves job insecurity, recent studies show that not all temporary workers feel job insecure, and also, that job insecurity does not necessarily have negative effects on occupational health and well-being in temporary as compared to permanent workers. The present study probes two possible explanation for this finding related to (a) contract volition and (b) contract prospects, that is, expected prolonged employment after the end of the temporary contract. More specifically, we tested whether high levels of voluntary contract choice associated with lower values of job insecurity feelings, which in turn may explain more positive outcomes (mediation hypothesis). Furthermore, we tested whether contract prospects played an additional role, possibly buffering the proposed negative effects of job insecurity (moderated mediation hypothesis). Methods: Questionnaire data for this study has been gathered as part of a European project across three sectors (retail, food industry, education) in six European countries (Sweden, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, UK) and Israel. In a total, the sample for this study consists of 1909 temporary workers. The hypotheses of this study were tested with regression analyses applying bootstrapping techniques for more adequate tests of the proposed indirect effects. In these analyses we controlled for country, sector, age, gender and type of temporary contract. Results: We first tested a simple mediation model, which supported the hypothesis that the association between contract volition and positive outcomes for occupational health and well-being was mediated by (lower levels of) job insecurity. Thereafter, contract expectations were added to this simple mediation model in order to test the moderated mediation hypothesis. This hypothesis was also supported, showing that the association between job insecurity and occupational health as well as work attitudes was affected by high levels of contract expectations. However, the direction of this moderation effect was opposite to the hypothesis: High levels of contract expectations strengthened the positive associations between low levels of job insecurity and occupational health and work attitudes. Implications and conclusions: The results supported the idea that volition and contract expectations are important factors enhancing our understanding of the development and consequences of job insecurity feelings in the temporary workforce. Also, by testing a parsimonious model, this study offers valuable new insights into the mechanisms that explain associations between job insecurity and well-being for temporary workers.
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| 4. |
- Richter, A., et al.
(författare)
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The cross‐level moderation effect of resource‐providing leadership on the demands—work ability relationship
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Employees in female‐dominated sectors are exposed to high workloads, emotional job demands, and role ambiguity, and often have insufficient resources to deal with these demands. This imbalance causes strain, threatening employees’ work ability. The aim of this study was to examine whether resource‐providing leadership at the workplace level buffers against the negative repercussions of these job demands on work ability. Employees (N = 2383) from 290 work groups across three countries (Germany, Finland, and Sweden) in female‐dominated sectors were asked to complete questionnaires in this study. Employees rated their immediate supervisor’s resourceproviding leadership and also self‐reported their work ability, role ambiguity, workload, and emotional demands. Multilevel modeling was performed to predict individual work ability with job demands as employee‐level predictors, and leadership as a group‐level predictor. Work ability was poor when employees reported high workloads, high role ambiguity, and high emotional demands. Resource‐providing leadership at the group level had a positive impact on employees’ work ability. We observed a cross‐level interaction between emotional demands and resource‐providing leadership. We conclude that resource‐providing leadership buffers against the repercussions of emotional demands for the work ability of employees in female‐dominated sectors; however, it is not influential in dealing with workload or role ambiguity.
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| 5. |
- Roth, Gregory A, et al.
(författare)
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Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019 : Update From the GBD 2019 Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 76:25, s. 2982-3021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
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