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- Riis, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Study on Legislative Measures Related to Online IPR Infringements : A Project Commissioned by the European Union Intellectual Property Office
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intellectual property right (IPR) infringement has taken and increasingly takes place in the online environment, in particular on the internet, which has raised concerns on many different levels, and has led to a number of recent European initiatives. A number of legislative measures have been adopted at both international and European levels whose purposes are to strengthen and harmonise the protection of IPR. These measures include remedies, which aim to enable rights holders and law enforcement authorities, such as prosecutors, to enforce IPR in an effective manner. However, the provisions in the abovementioned legislation are, for the most part, not drafted in ways that specifically address how to prevent or combat online IPR infringement, but are -merely in the form of minimum requirements, which leave room for individual Member States to adopt and apply specific national measures.The main purpose of this study commissioned by the EUIPO is, therefore, to establish whether and to what extent a number of specific legislative measures, which can be applied to prevent or combat IPR infringement in the online environment, are available in the Member States. The legislative measures that the study will focus on are measures that can be characterised as providing ‘practical solutions to practical problems’, such as the option to require that an online service provider discloses the identity of a customer who is suspected of infringing the IPR rights of a third party and the option to apply the European Investigation Order (EIO) to crimes involving IPR.
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| 4. |
- Axhamn, Johan, 1979-
(författare)
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Databasskydd
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The capacity to assemble, store, and make available information in databases is ever growing. This development has accelerated in recent decades, driven by the advent and increased use of digital networks. Already at an early stage, it led to demands for legal protection of databases. In most countries databases have been protected in national legislation based on copyright principles. However, this kind of protection has been regarded as insufficient. The reason for this is that copyright protection only covers the selection or arrangement of the contents of the database. By rearranging the contents, it is possible to avoid liability for copyright infringement. To address the specific needs of producers of databases, the then European community adopted a directive in 1996 on the legal protection of databases. The Directive aims to harmonise copyright protection for databases and to introduce a new, sui generis, right for the legal protection of databases. The sui generis right protects the investments in obtaining, verifying, and presenting the contents in a database. The sui generis right has been described in the literature as one of the most complex intellectual property rights ever established. Its complexity resides in the unclear relationship between the requirements for protection and the content and scope of protection.This dissertation describes, analyses, compares and systematises the legal protection for databases as provided for in the EU Database Directive – both in relation to copyright and sui generis protection, but also in relation to the intellectual property system in general and principles and rules on unfair competition. The study also describes and analyses the Directive as implemented into Swedish law. To do this, it makes use of relevant legal sources, with particular account taken of relevant sources of EU law such as the Directive itself, adjacent directives in the field of copyright and related rights, as well as unfair competition law and the case law and legal method developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The study also draws on underlying theories of intellectual property protection and unfair competition law, as well as arguments based on unjust enrichment and pure economic loss.The study establishes how the sui generis right serves as a legal hybrid between traditional intellectual property rights and protection against unfair competition. The structure of the right resembles traditional intellectual property rights, with requirements for protection, provisions on exclusive rights, exceptions and limitations and a term of protection. At the same time, the content and scope of protection provide measures similar to those countering unfair competition with aspects of protection against pure economic loss. The right protects against certain activities carried out in the market rather than providing protection for a traditional object of intellectual property law. When implementing the Directive, the Swedish legislator overlooked these aspects of the sui generis right, creating legal uncertainties when interpreting and applying the national legislation. The study concludes with a look forward and suggestions for future research.
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| 5. |
- Ayres Pereira, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Placental Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites Is Mediated by the Interaction Between VAR2CSA and Chondroitin Sulfate A on Syndecan-1
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 12:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During placental malaria, Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes sequester in the placenta, causing health problems for both the mother and fetus. The specific adherence is mediated by the VAR2CSA protein, which binds to placental chondroitin sulfate (CS) on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the placental syncytium. However, the identity of the CSPG core protein and the cellular impact of the interaction have remain elusive. In this study we identified the specific CSPG core protein to which the CS is attached, and characterized its exact placental location. VAR2CSA pull-down experiments using placental extracts from whole placenta or syncytiotrophoblast microvillous cell membranes showed three distinct CSPGs available for VAR2CSA adherence. Further examination of these three CSPGs by immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays showed that syndecan-1 is the main receptor for VAR2CSA mediated placental adherence. We further show that the commonly used placental choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo, express a different set of proteoglycans than those present on placental syncytiotrophoblast and may not be the most biologically relevant model to study placental malaria. Syncytial fusion of the BeWo cells, triggered by forskolin treatment, caused an increased expression of placental CS-modified syndecan-1. In line with this, we show that rVAR2 binding to placental CS impairs syndecan-1-related Src signaling in forskolin treated BeWo cells, but not in untreated cells.
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| 6. |
- Bangsbo, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The Copenhagen Consensus Conference 2016 : children, youth, and physical activity in schools and during leisure time
- 2016
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 50:19, s. 1177-1178
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- From 4 to 7 April 2016, 24 researchers from 8 countries and from a variety of academic disciplines gathered in Snekkersten, Denmark, to reach evidence-based consensus about physical activity in children and youth, that is, individuals between 6 and 18 years. Physical activity is an overarching term that consists of many structured and unstructured forms within school and out-of-school-time contexts, including organised sport, physical education, outdoor recreation, motor skill development programmes, recess, and active transportation such as biking and walking. This consensus statement presents the accord on the effects of physical activity on children's and youth's fitness, health, cognitive functioning, engagement, motivation, psychological well-being and social inclusion, as well as presenting educational and physical activity implementation strategies. The consensus was obtained through an iterative process that began with presentation of the state-of-the art in each domain followed by plenary and group discussions. Ultimately, Consensus Conference participants reached agreement on the 21-item consensus statement.
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| 7. |
- Boenitz, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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How Do We Allocate Our Resources When Listening and Memorizing Speech in Noise? A Pupillometry Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ear and Hearing. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0196-0202 .- 1538-4667. ; 42:4, s. 846-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:Actively following a conversation can be demanding and limited cognitive resources must be allocated to the processing of speech, retaining and encoding the perceived content, and preparing an answer. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the allocation of effort into the effort required for listening (listening effort) and the effort required for retention (memory effort) by means of pupil dilation.Design: Twenty-five normal-hearing German speaking participants underwent a sentence final word identification and recall test, while pupillometry was conducted. The participants task was to listen to a sentence in four-talker babble background noise and to repeat the final word afterward. At the end of a list of sentences, they were asked to recall as many of the final words as possible. Pupil dilation was recorded during different list lengths (three sentences versus six sentences) and varying memory load (recall versus no recall). Additionally, the effect of a noise reduction algorithm on performance, listening effort, and memory effort was evaluated.Results:We analyzed pupil dilation both before each sentence (sentence baseline) as well as the dilation in response to each sentence relative to the sentence baseline (sentence dilation). The pupillometry data indicated a steeper increase of sentence baseline under recall compared to no recall, suggesting higher memory effort due to memory processing. This increase in sentence baseline was most prominent toward the end of the longer lists, that is, during the second half of six sentences. Without a recall task, sentence baseline declined over the course of the list. Noise reduction appeared to have a significant influence on effort allocation for listening, which was reflected in generally decreased sentence dilation.Conclusion:Our results showed that recording pupil dilation in a speech identification and recall task provides valuable insights beyond behavioral performance. It is a suitable tool to disentangle the allocation of effort to listening versus memorizing speech.
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| 9. |
- Carlsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Exact and metaheuristic methods for a real-world examination timetabling problem
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Scheduling. - 1094-6136 .- 1099-1425. ; 26, s. 353-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a portfolio of exact and metaheuristic methods for the rich examination timetabling problem introduced by Battistutta et al. (in: Hebrard, Musliu (eds) 17th International conference on the integration of constraint programming, artificial intelligence, and operations research (CPAIOR-2020), LNCS, vol 12296. Springer, Berlin, pp 69–81, 2020). The problem includes several real-world features that arise in Italian universities, such as examinations split into two parts, possible requirements of multiple rooms for a single examination, and unavailabilities and preferences for periods and rooms. We developed a CP model encoded in the MiniZinc modeling language and solved it with Gecode, as well as two MIP models solved with Gurobi. The first MIP model is encoded natively and the second one again in MiniZinc. Finally, we extended the metaheuristic method based on simulated annealing of Battistutta et al. by introducing a new neighborhood relation. We compare the different techniques on the real-world instances provided by Battistutta et al., which have been slightly refined by correcting some semantic issues. Finally, we developed a solution checker that is publicly available, together with all instances and solutions, for inspection and future comparisons.
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| 10. |
- Eastoe, Julian, et al.
(författare)
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Interrogation of a dynamic multi-catalyst ensemble in asymmetric catalysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Faraday Discussions. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1359-6640. ; 145, s. 27-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Trost Standard Ligand (2) is a chiral diphosphine ligand that distinguishes itself by the high selectivity it induces in the Pd-catalysed reactions of allylic substrates that generate slim cyclic or small linear intermediates. However, a range of unusual features, including memory effects, inverse dependence of selectivity and rate on catalyst concentration, high sensitivity to counter-ion, particularly chloride, and decreasing enantioselectivities at lower temperatures, are often encountered, thus requiring considerable optimisation of reaction conditions to attain optimum selectivity. These features can be accounted for by a model involving a dynamic multi-catalyst ensemble. To gain evidence for this model, the manner in which diphosphine 2 interacts with Pd–allyl cations, and in particular the higher-order systems it generates, has been investigated by use of NMR, isotopic labelling, polarimetry, UV, neutron scattering, X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling. Ligand 2 coordinates to Pd–allyl cations to generate a mononuclear P,P-chelate. This is found to readily form non-chelate oligomers, present in a range of forms, including rings, for which high homochiral selectivity in oligomerisation is demonstrated by the technique of pseudoenantiomers. All of these species are in relatively rapid equilibrium, with half-lives for interconversion in the range 2–6 s. Higher-order aggregation is also detected, and thus at even moderate concentrations (>50 mM) large rod-like aggregates are formed.
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