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- Sloot, Frea, et al.
(författare)
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Inventory of current EU paediatric vision and hearing screening programmes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Screening. - : SAGE Publications. - 0969-1413 .- 1475-5793. ; 22:2, s. 55-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To examine the diversity in paediatric vision and hearing screening programmes in Europe. Methods: Themes for comparison of screening programmes derived from literature were used to compile three questionnaires on vision, hearing, and public health screening. Tests used, professions involved, age, and frequency of testing seem to influence sensitivity, specificity, and costs most. Questionnaires were sent to ophthalmologists, orthoptists, otolaryngologists, and audiologists involved in paediatric screening in all EU full-member, candidate, and associate states. Answers were cross-checked. Results: Thirty-nine countries participated; 35 have a vision screening programme, 33 a nation-wide neonatal hearing screening programme. Visual acuity (VA) is measured in 35 countries, in 71% of these more than once. First measurement of VA varies from three to seven years of age, but is usually before age five. At age three and four, picture charts, including Lea Hyvarinen, are used most; in children over four, Tumbling-E and Snellen. As first hearing screening test, otoacoustic emission is used most in healthy neonates, and auditory brainstem response in premature newborns. The majority of hearing testing programmes are staged; children are referred after 1–4 abnormal tests. Vision screening is performed mostly by paediatricians, ophthalmologists, or nurses. Funding is mostly by health insurance or state. Coverage was reported as >95% in half of countries, but reporting was often not first-hand. Conclusion: Largest differences were found in VA charts used (12), professions involved in vision screening (10), number of hearing screening tests before referral (1–4), and funding sources (8).
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| 2. |
- Beldie, A., et al.
(författare)
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Stigma in midsize European countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story? Gaebel W., Rössler W., Sartorius N. (eds.). - Cham : Springer. - 9783319278391 ; , s. 417-432
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter presents reports from ten mid-size European countries. Authors from Austria, Croatia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey report about the situation in their countries. In all countries, various activities have been performed in order to fight against stigma. These included national and local campaigns, as well focussed programmes for pupils, students and other groups of the population. The content of the campaigns showed a broad range. While some included all types of mental disorders, other focussed on selected psychiatric disorders. Despite a lot of efforts, stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental disorders is a major problem in all countries. Studies about the effectiveness of anti-stigma activities show contrasting results, some of them indicate that activities were not successful. Research on anti-stigma interventions is essential to understand what might help to reduce stigma and discrimination. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
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