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- Backhaus, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:1, s. 19-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive disease caused by antibiotic resistant pneumococci is a worldwide problem. All invasive pneumococcal strains in an area of south-west Sweden with 1.7 million inhabitants were collected prospectively during 1998-2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test and correlated to serotypes and clinical characteristics. Of 827 strains, 744 (90%) were susceptible (S) to all agents tested and 83 (10%) were indeterminate (I) or resistant (R) to at least 1 agent. 22 isolates (2.7%) were I to penicillin (MIC >0.06 to < or = 1.0 mg/l), but none were R (MIC >1.0 mg/l). Numbers and proportions of decreased susceptibility against other agents tested were as follows: erythromycin R: 30 (3.6%), clindamycin R: 6 (0.7%), tetracycline R: 16 (1.9%), moxifloxacin R: 1 (0.1%), cotrimoxazole I: 17 (2%) and R: 31(4%). Non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent was not correlated with age, clinical manifestation, underlying diseases and outcome. The serotype distribution differed between non-susceptible and susceptible strains. The serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine covered 42% of all infections and 73% of those caused by non-susceptible strains. In conclusion, the impact of antibiotic resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease remains limited in south-west Sweden.
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| 2. |
- Falk, Lars, 1954-
(författare)
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Urethritis and cervicitis with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium : diagnostic and epidemiological aspects
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to elucidate urethritis and cervicitis and the possible causes with special reference to Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium. Despite mandatory partner notification legislated in 1988, the incidence of C trachomatis infection in Sweden has undergone a 10% annual increase since 1997, following a decline in the early 1990s. Nonchlamydial-non-gonococcal urethritis (and cervicitis) (NCNGU) is more common than chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea at Sexually transmitted disease (SID) clinics. Mycoplasma genitalium, originally isolated in 1980, is one probably important cause of NCNGU.Specimens from men and women infected with C trachomatis who attended the Örebro STD-clinic (1999-2000) were genotyped by sequencing of the omp 1, which encodes the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (I, II). Both invasive and first void urine (FVU) specimens (n=237) were successfully sequenced from 231 C trachomatis-positive individuals (96 women and 135 men). Genotype E was the most common strain (47%) followed by F (17%) and K (9%). The prevalence of Ba, D, D/B-120, D/B-185, G, H, Ia and J genotypes was 0.4 to 6%. There were few gap mutations compared with reference strains. 161 sexual networks comprising 688 individuals were compiled. Specimens were sequenced from at least two patients in 47 of 161 networks. In seven of these 47 networks (15%) there were discrepant genotypes. At the follow-up visit five of 204 individuals (2%) were still C trachomatis-positive. Two harboured a new genotype and thus had contracted a new C trachomatis infection. Partner notification was successful in only 30 of 161 networks (19%), meaning that all elicited partners were tested and transmission of infection ceased. The main reason for non-success was insufficient information for partner identification from the index patients and, if the partner attended another clinic, the results of the C trachomatis test were prohibited by Swedish law from being revealed to the tracer.Microscopic signs, symptoms of infection and prevalence of C trachomatis and M genitalium were compared among men and women attending the Örebro STD-clinic in 2000 (III, IV). In a study performed in 2002, 59 young women invited to the national cervical cancer-screening program were tested for C trachomatis and M genitalium (IV). There was no statistically significant difference in microscopic signs in men or women infected with either of the bacteria. Women infected with C trachomatis or M genitalium more often had microscopic signs of infection than those women in the cancer screening group without infection, and the difference was statistically significant (IV). Symptomatic urethritis was more prevalent in M genitalium than in C trachomatis infected men (III). The prevalence of C trachomatis and M genitalium in male STD-attendees was 12% and 7%, respectively. In female STD-attendees the corresponding figures were 10% and 6%, respectively, whereas only one woman in the screening group was C trachomatis-positive and none was infected with M genitalium (IV). Both C trachomatis and M genitalium were found significantly more often in partners of men and partners of women with the corresponding infection, than in partners of men with a non specific urethritis (NSU) or women with a non-specific urethritis/cervicitis. These studies show that M genitalium is a common infection among STD-clinic attendees and that it is not a widespread commensal bacterium in society.In an open treatment pilot study (V) in men and women infected with M genitalium, the standard treatment for urethritis and cervicitis, i.e. tetracycline, was compared with azithromycin 500 mg the first day and 250 mg the following four days. Tetracyclines did not eradicate M genitalium in 71% of the women and in 63% of the men, whereas all who were treated with azithromycin were M genitalium negative at the follow-up visit. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) are needed to study azithromycin in different dosages.
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