| 1. |
- Au, Lauren E., et al.
(författare)
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Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Higher Adiposity among US Schoolchildren Ages 10-15 Years : The Healthy Communities Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 149:9, s. 1642-1650
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Limited research exists on the relationship between food insecurity and children's adiposity and diet and how it varies by demographic characteristics in the United States. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between household food insecurity and child adiposityrelated outcomes, measured as BMI (kg/m(2)) z score (BMI-z), weight status, andwaist circumference, and diet outcomes, and examined if the associations differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Methods: Data collected in 2013-2015 from 5138 US schoolchildren ages 4-15 y from 130 communities in the cross-sectional Healthy Communities Study were analyzed. Household food insecurity was self-reported using a validated 2-item screener. Dietary intake was assessed using the 26-item National Cancer Institute's Dietary Screener Questionnaire, and dietary behaviors were assessed using a household survey. Data were analyzed using multilevel statistical models, including tests for interaction by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results: Children from food-insecure households had higher BMI-z (beta: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.21), waist circumference (beta: 0.91 cm; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.63), odds of being overweight or obese (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.34), consumed more sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages (beta : 1.44 g/d; 95% CI: 0.35, 2.54), and less frequently ate breakfast (beta: -0.28 d/wk; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.17) and dinner with family (beta(:) -0.22 d/wk; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.06) compared to children from food-secure households. When examined by age groups (4-9 and 10-15 y), significant relationships were observed only for older children. There were no significant interactions by sex or race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Household food insecurity was associated with higher child adiposity-related outcomes and several nutrition behaviors, particularly among older children, 10-15 y old.
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| 2. |
- Au, Lauren E., et al.
(författare)
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Post-Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act Adherence to Select School Nutrition Standards by Region and Poverty Level : The Healthy Communities Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of nutrition education and behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 1499-4046 .- 1878-2620. ; 52:3, s. 249-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study determined the extent to which schools adhered to select nutrition and wellness provisions of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act and examined differences by US region and school poverty level. Design: Comparison of cross-sectional observational data from the Healthy Communities Study (2013-2015) by region and school poverty level. Participants: A total of 401 US elementary and middle schools. Main Outcome Measures: Adherence with federal nutrition standards for meals and competitive foods; extent of implementation of select aspects of school wellness policies. Analysis: Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression were used. Differences were examined by school poverty level and region, adjusting for other school- and community-level covariates. Results: Most schools reported meeting reimbursable school meal nutrition standards (74%); more schools in the West met nutrition standards (82%) than in the Midwest (64%). Most grains offered at lunch were whole grain-rich (82%), and most competitive foods complied with standards (78%) before they were required. Most schools had a wellness coordinator (80%). Lowest levels of adherence were reported for guidelines for classroom or school event foods. No differences were observed by school poverty level. Conclusions and Implications: Findings suggest that Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act provisions were feasible across a wide variety of schools, and schools successfully implemented reimbursable school meal nutrition standards regardless of school poverty level.
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| 3. |
- Lee, Danielle L., et al.
(författare)
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Status of Beverages Served to Young Children in Child Care After Implementation of California Policy, 2012-2016
- 2020
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Ingår i: Preventing Chronic Disease. - : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). - 1545-1151. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Since 2012, licensed California child care centers and homes, per state policy, are required to serve only unflavored low-fat or nonfat milk to children aged 2 years or older, no more than one serving of 100% juice daily, and no beverages with added sweeteners, and they are required to ensure that drinking water is readily accessible throughout the day. We evaluated adherence to the policy after 4 years in comparison to the adherence evaluation conducted shortly after the policy went into effect. Methods Licensed California child care sites were randomly selected in 2012 and 2016 and surveyed about beverage practices and provisions to children aged 1-5 years. We used logistic regression to analyze between-year differences for all sites combined and within-year differences by site type and participation in the federal Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) in self-reported policy adherence and beverage provisions. Results Respondents in 2016 (n = 680), compared with those in 2012 (n = 435), were more adherent to California's 2010 Healthy Beverages in Child Care Act overall (45.1% vs 27.2%, P < .001) and with individual provisions for milk (65.0% vs 41.4%, P < .001), 100% juice (91.2% vs 81.5%, P < .001), and sugar-sweetened beverages (97.4% vs 93.4%, P = .006). In 2016, centers compared with homes (48.5% vs 28.0%, P = .001) and CACFP sites compared with non-CACFP sites (51.6% vs 27.9%, P < .001) were more adherent to AB2084 overall. Discussion Beverage policy adherence in California child care has improved since 2012 and is higher in CACFP sites and centers. Additional policy promotion and implementation support is encouraged for non-CACFP sites and homes. Other states should consider adopting such policies.
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