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| 2. |
- Jansson, Jan-Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Reading times and adpative styles among patients diagnosed with psychosis as assessed by the serial color-word test
- 2012
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Ingår i: Perceptual and Motor Skills. - 0031-5125. ; 114:1, s. 3-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study focuses on how patients diagnosed with psychosis deal with a conflicting situation. In the study, two groups of patients were assessed. One group consisted of patients diagnosed with psychosis (n=41), while the comparison group (n=135) consisted of inpatients diagnosed either with anorexia nervosa or with bulimia nervosa. The groups were assessed using the Serial Color Word Test (S-CWT), designed for studying an individual's successive adaptation over time to a conflicting situation. The S-CWT differentiated the two groups regarding both reading time and adaptive styles. Patients diagnosed with psychosis had longer reading times and an adaptive style that was deviant throughout the test, indicating poorer cognitive functioning and more serious psychopathology. These problems may in turn influence functioning in work or study and daily living, all of which are important in treatment planning.
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| 4. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe
(författare)
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Biases in Visual Selective Attention : Trait Anxious Individuals Avert Their Gaze From Unpleasant Stimuli
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cognitive models of anxiety postulate that anxious individuals are inclined to pay more attention to negative than to positive emotional visual stimuli. The main aim of the present dissertation was to test this prediction, employing a measure of the direction of gaze. In studies I, II and III the participants were shown pairs of angry and happy faces on a screen. In Study IV the stimuli were pleasant and unpleasant pictures. None of the studies could confirm the hypothesis of a positive relation between anxiety and the tendency to orient one’s attention towards unpleasant stimuli. In studies I and III, anxious individuals were instead found to avert their gaze from angry faces. A meta-analysis of Studies I, II, III and IV, with a total of 405 participants, suggested the same conclusion, even if Studies II and IV failed to show such an effect. A review of the empirical evidence on anxiety and visual selective attention raised the possibility that other experiments have confounded stimulus emotionality and stimulus valence, and that the results from these experiments are consistent with the notion that anxiety is connected with a tendency to pay more attention to emotional stimuli (positive and negative), rather than to a tendency to pay more attention to negative stimuli. The present studies considered this potential confound and found that anxious individuals avert their gaze from negative stimuli, more than from positive stimuli. Study III also showed that an individual can avert his or her gaze from the position of angry faces without having any conscious knowledge of doing so.
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| 5. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe, et al.
(författare)
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Do self-presentation concerns moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit homonegativity measures?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 47:5, s. 379-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated whether the relation between implicit and explicit homonegativity measures is affected by self-presentation concerns, since previous research in this area has been inconclusive. In Experiment 1, 70 high-school students made evaluative ratings of pictures of homosexual and heterosexual couples. Self-presentation was manipulated by either instructing participants that the study concerned attitudes regarding sexual orientation (socially sensitive) or attitudes regarding age (less sensitive). The age-instruction led to increased homonegativity but not to a stronger correlation with an Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz, 1998) with homo/heterosexual couples. Concerns regarding the construct validity of the present implementation of the IAT were alleviated in Experiment 2, where heterosexual (n = 30) but not homosexual (n = 30) participants showed implicit homonegativity. The current findings are problematic for the interpretation of low correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude measures as being primarily an effect of self-presentation concerns.
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| 6. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe, et al.
(författare)
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Implicit and explicit homonegativity as moderated by self-presentation concerns and sexual orientation
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Investigated whether the relation between implicit and explicit attitude measures is affected by self-presentation concerns. In Experiment 1, 70 high-school students made evaluative ratings of pictures of homosexual and heterosexual couples. Self-presentation was manipulated by either instructing participants that the study concerned attitudes regarding sexual orientation (socially sensitive) or attitudes regarding age (less sensitive). The age-instruction led to increased homonegativity but not to a stronger correlation with an Implicit Association Test with homo/heterosexual couples. Concerns regarding the construct validity of the IAT were alleviated in Experiment 2, where heterosexual (n = 30) but not homosexual (n = 30) participants showed implicit homonegativity. The findings are problematic for the interpretation of low implicit/explicit attitude correspondence as being primarily an effect of self-presentation concerns.
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| 7. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe
(författare)
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Memory-based attentional biases: Anxiety is linked to threat avoidance.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Cognition and Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 18:8, s. 1027-1054
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present research was to examine if anxiety is linked to a memory-based attentional bias, in which attention to threat is thought to depend on implicit learning. Memory-based attentional biases were defined and also demonstrated in two experiments. A total of 168 university students were shown a pair of faces that varied in their emotional content (angry, neutral, and happy), with each type of emotion being consistently preceded by a particular neutral cue face, appearing in the same position. Eye movements were measured during these cue faces and during the emotional faces. The results of two experiments indicated that anxiety was connected with a tendency to avert one’s gaze from the positions of angry faces to the positions of happy faces, before these were shown on the screen. This, in turn, caused a reduced perception of angry relative to happy faces. In Experiment 2, participants were also not aware of having a memory-based attentional bias.
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| 8. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe, et al.
(författare)
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Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Five experiments examined explicit and implicit memory for information that is congruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-positive and unattractive-negative) and information that is incongruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-negative and unattractive-positive). Measures of explicit recognition-sensitivity and implicit discriminability revealed a small (but significant) memorial advantage for congruent information compared to incongruent information. Measures of explicit memory showed a reliable recognition-bias towards congruent information compared to incongruent information; this recognition-bias was unrelated to reports of subjective confidence in retrieval. The present findings shed light on the cognitive mechanisms that might mediate discriminatory behaviour towards physically attractive and physically unattractive individuals.
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| 9. |
- Rohner, Jean-Christophe, et al.
(författare)
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Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 52:4, s. 309-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rasmussen, A. & Rohner, J.-C. (2011). Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Three experiments examined explicit and implicit memory for information that is congruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-positive and unattractive-negative) and information that is incongruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive-negative and unattractive-positive). Measures of explicit recognition sensitivity and implicit discriminability revealed a memorial advantage for congruent compared to incongruent information, as evident from hit and false alarm rates and reaction times, respectively. Measures of explicit memory showed a recognition bias toward congruent compared to incongruent information, where participants tended to call congruent information old, independently of whether the information had been shown previously or not. This recognition bias was unrelated to reports of subjective confidence in retrieval. The present findings shed light on the cognitive mechanisms that might mediate discriminatory behavior towards physically attractive and physically unattractive individuals.
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| 10. |
- Rohner, Jean Christophe, et al.
(författare)
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Prolog for Scientific Explanation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. ; 13900 LNAI, s. 372-385
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scientific explanations play an important role in most academic disciplines because they give us a fundamental understanding of why things happen or do not happen. In this paper we argue that Prolog has certain properties that make the language ideal for generating scientific explanations. We illustrate these properties in relation to a scientific theory.
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