| 1. |
- Fransson, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Ett klimatneutralt Kiruna 2025 med hjälp av spillvärme
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den pågående stadsomvandlingen i Kiruna, att en stor del av staden måste flyttastill följd av LKAB:s fortsatta gruvverksamhet, skapar möjligheter att etablera etteffektivare energisystem och bidra till att uppnå stadens klimatmål. I dag tillgodosescirka 15% av stadens fjärrvärmebehov med restvärme från LKAB och målsättningenpå sikt är att nå 100% restvärme i systemet. Investeringsbeslut som togs 2021kommer att resultera i en ökning av restvärmeandelen på upp mot 70% till 2024 dåLKAB frigör högvärdig restvärme genom att internt ta tillvara på lågtempereradvärme. För att öka andelen restvärme ytterligare finns ett behov av att lagra värmefrån sommarperioden då det finns ett överskott till vinterperioden när behovet ärsom störst.I projektet skapas en helhetsbild av restvärmelösningen i Kiruna frånsamspel mellan aktörer till teknik vilket genererar ny kunskap om effektivenergiomställning till hållbara städer med restvärmeåtervinning.Det finns flera alternativ för termiska säsongslager vars tillämplighet baseras påtermogeologisk förutsättningar. Borrhålslager och bergrumslager valdes ut förvidare analys givet förutsättningarna i Kiruna. Genom energisystemmodelleringoptimerades Kirunas fjärrvärmesystem fram till år 2040 genom scenarioanalys. Medett energilager i systemet möjliggörs att en större mängd restvärme kan användastotalt sett över året och särskilt minskar det behovet av värmeproduktion underperioden med störst värmebehov (vintermånaderna), vilket innebär minskadanvändning av spetslastpannor. En nyttokostnadsanalys genomfördes på tvåmodellscenarier.Båda scenarierna resulterar i ekonomiska kostnadsbesparingar ochminskade externa kostnader (förbättrad folkhälsa som minskar till exempel uteblivetarbete, sjukvårdskostnader och förtidiga dödsfall) jämfört med referensscenariet, attinte uppföra ett energilager.Ett energilager, borrhålslager och bergrumslager, i storleksordningarna 30 GWh och20 MW simulerades i Kirunas fjärrvärmesystem. Baserat på det värmebehov ochrestvärmeleverans som ligger till grund för lagersimuleringar visar resultaten pågod prestanda framför allt för ett borrhålslager kombinerat med värmepumpar. Förde simulerade alternativen, samt ett jämförelsealternativ med en biobränslepanna,togs investeringskalkyler fram som visade på en övervägande positiv kalkyl för ettborrhålslager med värmepumpar.Totalinvesteringen för alternativet med borrhåloch värmepump uppgår till ca. 300 Mkr. Borrhål och värmeväxlare är ungefär 1/3 avinvestering, värmepumpskostnad 1/3 och resterande projektkostnader ochinstallation. Återbetalningstiden är drygt 9 år. Investeringskostnaden för anläggningav bergrumslager är hög vilket försämrar lönsamheten. Troligen skulle investeringskostnaden vara betydligt lägre om befintlig geologisk formation finnstillgänglig att konvertera till energilager. Sådan formation har inte identifierats idetta projekt men givet Kirunas långa gruvverksamhet är det möjligt att fleralternativ finns som skulle kunna utredas.Underlaget som är framtaget inom ramarna för detta projekt pekar på att ettsäsongsenergilager för att ta tillvara på mer restvärme är den långsiktigt optimala lösningen för Kirunas värmeförsörjning. En initial uppskattning av tidplan visar påatt ett sådant lager skulle kunna tas i drift 2028. För det valda energilagret har enhandlingsplan tagits fram som visar nästa steg som behöver tas i Kiruna för attkomma närmare att realisera energilagret och därmed kunna nyttja mer restvärme.Lågtempererad fjärrvärme har diskuterats länge i Kiruna. Kombination med ettenergilager och lägre framledningstemperatur skulle vara gynnsamt eftersomurladdningstemperaturen från energilagret inte skulle behöva höjas lika mycket.Skulle Kiruna i ett senare skede, efter att energilagret har uppförts, sänkatemperaturen i nätet skulle det för ett borrhålslager med värmepumpar innebära etteffektivare och lönsammare system. Framför allt skulle mindre el behövas tillvärmepumparna vilket är gynnsamt givet Kiruna Krafts ambitioner om att minskaandelen el som går åt till värmeförsörjningen.Det finns en stor outnyttjad restvärmepotential i Sverige och Europa. Genom enfallstudie av Kiruna har lärdomar för andra städer om effektiv integrering avrestvärme genererats. Framgångsfaktorerna i Kiruna och lösningar påförekommande hinder kan hjälpa andra städer att etablera ett effektivt ochlångvarigt samspel kring industriell restvärme. Att initialt fokusera på att bygga enrelation mellan parterna och etablera förtroende är en viktig nyckel för att kunnaidentifiera lösningar på andra förekommande barriärer. Flera ekonomiska barriärerhar haft stor påverkan och de har lösts genom transparens i kalkylerna, med ettgemensamt uppsatt mål att samarbetet inte ska påverka stadens invånareekonomiskt och genom statligt finansieringsstöd.En viktig framgångsfaktor har varit etablerandet av en strategisk samarbetsplattform som garanterat enkontinuerlig dialog. En kontinuerlig dialog krävs dels under etablerandet avsamarbetet men är lika viktig under pågående leverans för att inte riskera att tappabort relationen och förtroenden.För att identifiera vilka faktorer som kan påverka att innovativa energilösningarimplementeras för restvärmeåtervinning har projektet gjort en jämförande analys avbeslutsprocessen vid valet av fjärrvärmeteknik i Nya Kiruna Centrum ochBrunnshög i Lund. Beslutsprocessen resulterade i konventionell fjärrvärmeteknik tillNya Kiruna Centrum och ett lågtempererat fjärrvärmesystem i Brunnshög. Eninnovativ målsättning, särskilt i de externa direktiven, kunskap omrestvärmeåtervinning, antingen internt eller hos en långvarig samarbetspartner ochen holistisk syn på staden där många aktörer engageras för att man bättre ska kunnaförutse förändringar på lång sikt har identifierats som viktiga. För effektivenergiomställning av städer med restvärmeintegrering behöverrestvärmepotentialen kartläggas och inkluderas i stadens energiplanering i ett tidigtskede och i samverkan med relevanta aktörer. Energiplaneringen bör ske samtidigtsom, och i samråd med, andra större förändringar i staden för att undvikasuboptimala system där energieffektiviseringsprincipen inte tillämpas.
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| 2. |
- Fransson, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
-
REWARDHeat PESTLE Analysis
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this deliverable, factors impacting effective replication of Low Temperature (LT) District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networks with Low Temperature Heat (LTH) and Renewable Energy (RE) sources integration are analyzed. A PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Legal and Environmental) analysis is performed for seven European countries, which host one or more REWARDHeat demonstrators.The PESTLE analysis was performed in a three-step process. The first step was data collection for each of the components included in the PESTLE analysis through literature reviews, interviews with the demo-sites, surveys distributed to and answered by the customers of the existing DH systems and energy systems modelling using the TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) model generator for understanding the environmental impact long term. The second step was to identify and prioritize key factors identified for each of the PESTLE components. The third step was to rate the identified key factors together with experts from each demo-site country. The key factors were rated either as a barrier (major or minor) or as an opportunity (major or minor).Overall, the results of the PESTLE analysis show that there are more opportunities than barriers for the replication of LTDHC networks in the investigated countries. Opportunities mainly arise from the ambitious political goal of the EU to become climate-neutral by 2050. The EU goal leads to ambitious national targets for the Heating and Cooling (HC) sectors, which are still greatly dependent on the use of fossil fuels. Positive customers’ opinions and the current characteristics of the HC sectors in the investigated countries are also identified as opportunities for the development of LTDHC networks. At the country level, Denmark and Sweden are the countries in which conventional DH networks are well-established and it is in these countries the most opportunities for LTDHC can be found. A tradition of investing in large, centralized heat generation plants could however pose a barrier, and a regime shift is therefore necessary. We show that with the development of LTDHC networks, the cost of heat supply in the investigated HC sectors can decrease, if compared to the development without LTDHC.From the environmental perspective, the development of LTDHC networks and utilization of LTH and RE sources is shown to result in fuel savings and lowered air pollutant emissions in all the demo-site countries, except for Denmark in which insignificant increase in specific primary energy use per unit of generated heat can be expected.The lack of targeted state-based financial support for developing innovative HC networks is identified as one of the main barriers for the replication of the REWARDHeat solutions in most of the countries. The likely reason for this is deemed to be a lack of awareness and understanding about the LTDHC concept among politicians and decision makers. Hence, more knowledge needs to be generated about the concept, for example through demonstration projects such as REWARDHeat. Another main barrier is that LTDHC is currently only suitable for a small share of the building stock, mainly new or refurbished buildings. Table 1 shows overview of the PESTLE analysis results for each of the investigated countries. The values “3” and “4” on the green background represent opportunities (minor and major, respectively) and the values “1” and “2” represent barriers (major and minor, respectively). The results from the energy system modelling, which served as a basis for analyzing environmental key factors as well as the Specific cost of heat economic factor, are also briefly presented in this deliverable and are available on an interactive webpage accessible from the project official website (www.rewardheat.eu).
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| 3. |
- Lehtveer, Mariliis, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Actuating the European Energy System Transition: Indicators for Translating Energy Systems Modelling Results into Policy-Making
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs; 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems; and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators.
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| 4. |
- Lygnerud, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Handbook for increased recovery of urban excess heat
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this book is to consolidate information from low temperature waste heat recovery demonstration sites. Apart from technical validation, the ReUseHeat project has generated knowledge about the urban waste heat potential in Europe, main stakeholders and different business aspects. Five stakeholder groups are targeted. These are urban waste heat owners, District Heating (DH) companies, policy makers, investors and customers. In the first chapter of the book, the concept of urban waste heat is introduced and the urban waste heat potential in Europe is presented. Thereafter (chapter two), information on business aspects is provided (stakeholders, value chain, risks, contracts and business model characteristics). Chapter three showcases the demonstrator concepts (waste heat recovery from data centre, hospital, metro and awareness creation about urban waste heat recovery) and performance data. Throughout the writing of the handbook, it was identified that it is important to compare the cost of different heating alternatives, to facilitate customer decision making. Therefore, a model was derived to compare costs of heating alternatives. It is presented in chapter four. Urban waste heat recovery is news. It is therefore important that stakeholders are made aware of the possibility to use the locally available heat and to start collaborating in new ways. To ensure as much stakeholder engagement as possible, the writing process of this book encompassed a six-month stakeholder involvement process. The stakeholder input is presented in chapter five. In chapter six, thoughts on the future development of district energy, policy implications and major learnings from the project are presented. This book was written within the ReUseHeat project. The work on the book was initiated after the first out of five years of activity to ensure that the consortium would be engaged in its development and to capture the knowledge generated on an ongoing basis. The final version of the book was ready and placed on the ReUseHeat webpage in September 2022. The project webpage remains in operation until 2024. The book not only exists in digital format. 600 copies were also printed and distributed to relevant stakeholders. All partners of the consortium have contributed to the writing of the book.
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| 5. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Balancing investments in building energy conservation measures with investments in district heating – A Swedish case study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the cost-optimal mix of reduction in the space heating (SH) demand in buildings, achieved through investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs), and investments in the local district heating (DH) system. The work includes three modeling scenarios, which differ with respect to SH demand reduction targets (no supply side targets) for buildings: without a target (only fuel price drives demand reduction); with a total demand reduction (for the building stock); and with a specific demand reduction (to reach a specific kWh/(m2∙y) value for individual buildings). Special emphasis is placed on the choice of ECMs in buildings. For the scenario without a target for SH demand reduction, the least-cost option is a combination of investments in ECMs, heat generation and in storage technologies, yielding a SH demand reduction of 24% already by Year 2030, and thereafter a decrease of 28% up to Year 2050. The reductions are achieved mainly through investments in ventilation heat recovery systems and insulation of roofs. The scenarios that include SH demand reduction targets give similar demand reductions of about 60% by 2050, as compared to 2020. However, the investment cost for fulfilling the specific target scenario is higher than that for the total target scenario.
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| 6. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility Potential of Space Heating Demand Response in Buildings for District Heating Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 12:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an integrated demand-supply optimization model, this work investigates the potential for flexible space heating demand, i.e., demand response (DR), in buildings, as well as its effects on the heating demand and the operation of a district heating (DH) system. The work applies a building stock description, including both residential and non-residential buildings, and employs a representation of the current DH system of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden as a case study. The results indicate that space heating DR in buildings can have a significant impact on the cost-optimal heat supply of the city by smoothing variations in the system heat demand. DR implemented via indoor temperature deviations of as little as +1 degrees C can smoothen the short-term (daily) fluctuations in the system heating demand by up to 18% over a period of 1 year. The smoothening of the demand reduces the cost of heat generation, in that the heat supply and number of full-load hours of base-load heat generation units increase, while the number of starts for the peaking units decreases by more than 80%. DR through temperature deviations of +3 degrees C confers diminishing returns in terms of its effects on the heat demand, as compared to the DR via +1 degrees C.
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| 7. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of electricity price fluctuations on the operation of district heating systems: A case study of district heating in Göteborg, Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 204, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the characteristics of interaction between district heating (DH) systems and the electricity system, induced by present and future price curves of the electricity system. A mixed integer linear programming unit commitment model has been developed with the objective of studying optimal operating strategies for DH systems. The model minimises the total operating cost of heat generation for a given DH system, which in this work is exemplified by the DH system of Göteborg, Sweden. The results should have important implications for operating strategies for DH systems as a response to future electricity price development. The results indicate significant changes in the operation of heat generation units in DH systems as a response to future electricity price profile with a, relative to today, high yearly average electricity price and more frequent high-electricity-price periods. The observed changes include a 20% decrease in heat generation from heat pumps (HP) and an increase of up to 25% in heat generation from combined heat and power (CHP) plants, owing to a switch in the merit order of these two technologies. We show that large fluctuations in the electricity price lead to an increased value being placed on CHP plants with variable power-to-heat ratio. The results indicate that with reoccurring high-electricity-price periods the value of sold electricity alone can become high enough to motivate investment in CHP plants, i.e. indicating that the generation and selling of heat from CHP plants may not be the core business in the future. Furthermore, there are additional opportunities for increased value of both CHP plants and HPs for time periods of less than 48 h, given that such short duration periods can be identified in a reasonable time in advance, i.e. dependent on, for instance, wind power forecasts.
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| 8. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of demand response from buildings and centralized thermal energy storage on district heating systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainable Cities and Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-6707. ; 64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 The Author(s) Energy use for space heating is a substantial part of total energy end use and heating systems can offer some flexibility in time of use, which should be important in future energy systems to maintain balance between supply and demand. This work applies a techno-economic, integrated, demand-supply optimization model to investigate the combined effect of using demand-side flexibility from buildings, by allowing for indoor temperature deviations (both up- and downward from the set-point), and supply-side flexibility, by applying thermal energy storage (TES), on the operation of district heating (DH) systems. The results indicate that the potential for increased indoor temperature, i.e., demand response (DR), is concentrated to multi-family and non-residential buildings (heavy buildings with high time-constants), while the potential for downregulation of the temperature, i.e., operational energy savings, is utilized to a greater extent by single-family buildings (light buildings). It is also evident that the value of DR diminishes in the presence of a supply-side TES. We show that applying both the demand-side flexibility and a centralized TES is complementary from the heating system perspective in that it results in the lowest total space heating load of the buildings and the lowest running cost for the DH system.
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| 9. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988
(författare)
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Importance of the demand-supply balance in district heating systems
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In line with global efforts directed against climate change, the building sector will have to undergo significant changes in terms of its energy use, along with the transformation of the energy system. The scope of this thesis is limited to the energy supply and demand within district heating (DH) systems, with the emphasis on the space heating demand in buildings. The overall aim is to improve our understanding of how the demand-supply balance can be maintained in the future. This work applies a techno-economic optimization model that was developed to study optimal dispatch and utilization strategies for DH systems, including endogenous calculation of the space heating demand in buildings, thereby enabling a feedback mechanism between demand and supply. The present work uses the building stock and DH system of Gothenburg, Sweden as a case study, although generalizable insights are derived. The results suggest that the lowest system cost for transforming urban heating systems is obtained through a combination of investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs) in buildings and in heat generation/storage technologies in DH systems. As expected, the application of energy demand reduction targets results in greater investments in ECMs than would result from considering only developments due to fuel and electricity price increases (without targets) and, thus, the consequences of lower investments in heat generation capacities in DH systems. We also show that the realized demand response (DR) in buildings significantly influences the total system heating load of a DH system through smoothening load fluctuations. DR implemented via indoor temperature deviations of as little as +1°C can effectively smoothen short-term (daily) system load fluctuations by up to 18% and can reduce the total system running cost by up to 4% over a period of 1 year. The cost reduction stems from increased output from base-load generation units and significantly less-frequent use of peaking units. However, for load variation management on longer time scales, the application of centralized thermal energy storage systems is more beneficial than the DR from buildings. Finally, the results reveal the synergy between DH systems and the power sector, in that flexible utilization of Combined Heat and Power plants and heat pumps supplemented with the energy storage potential of DH systems delivers additional economic benefits to DH systems owners and is a reliable service provider to the electric power system.
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| 10. |
- Romanchenko, Dmytro, 1988
(författare)
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The future load curve of the Swedish building stock – Interactions between the heating load and district heating
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In line with global efforts directed against climate change, the building sector is required to undergo significant changes in terms of its energy management. This is the case for both the use of energy (reduced energy consumption) and the supply of energy (heat and electricity), and how these two interact. Thus, the overall aim of this work was to investigate potential flexibility of the energy demand in buildings, i.e., demand response (DR), and how it can affect the energy supply side. More specifically, we studied the potential of space heating DR in buildings to improve the operation and efficiency of district heating (DH) systems. This work applies several techno-economic optimisation models, which include estimation of the space heating demand in buildings, as well as the optimal dispatch and utilisation of heat generation and thermal energy storage technologies in a DH system. By applying the developed models, we examine the potential for flexible space heating demand. In principle this is done through allowing for indoor temperature deviations from the set-point temperature. The present work applies the building stock of Gothenburg, Sweden, as a case study, and thus, studies the operation of the city’s DH system. The interplay with the power sector is included in this work by using hourly electricity prices as input. The results of this work indicate that a realised DR in buildings, allowing for indoor temperature deviations from a set-point temperature, significantly affects the cost optimal heating load of the city by smoothing the variations. We show that upward indoor temperature deviations of as little as +1 ͦC can smoothen the short-term (daily) fluctuations of the system heating load by up to 20% over a year. The modelling results also indicate that the potential of DR in buildings to moderate short-term daily heat-load variations in a DH system is comparable to the use of a centralised thermal energy storage system, e.g., a hot-water tank. However, on longer time-scales (from few days to weeks), the performance of a centralised storage in smoothening variations is superior. The smoothening of the heating load results in more efficient heat generation: the heat supply and number of full-load hours of base-load units increase, while the peaking units decrease their output. The results indicate that the DR via 1 ͦC overheating of buildings can lead to an 85% decrease in the number of starts and stops of peaking, fossil-fired heat generation units, leading to improved carbon footprint of the system. Finally, the availability of CHP plants and HPs in DH systems is proven to be mutually beneficial both to DH systems and the power sector.
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