| 1. |
- Cortinovis, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping Ecosystem Services, Disservices, and Ecological Requirements to Enhance Urban Forest Planning and Management in Padova
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure : Perspectives from Spatial Planning in Italy - Perspectives from Spatial Planning in Italy. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2520-8314 .- 2520-8306. - 9783030543457 - 9783030543471 ; , s. 167-179
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Padova, the municipal department of green infrastructure monitors the urban forest through a continuously updated database that stores information about locations, species, dimensions, health conditions, and management of more than 47,000 trees. The aim of the research presented in this chapter was to support urban forest planning and management by integrating the existing database with information about ecosystem services, disservices, and the ecological requirements of trees. We combined a quantitative analysis through i-Tree Eco with a qualitative assessment based on literature review and expert knowledge, and filled in 17 new fields for each tree in the database. Then, through a GIS, we investigated the spatial distribution of the analysed features across the city, thus revealing inequalities among different areas and mismatches with citizens’ preferences and needs. The enhanced database could potentially become a powerful tool, not only to identify and prioritize management interventions, but also, in a longer term perspective, to identify strategic goals with a view to coordinating local actions, thus ensuring a sustainable development of the urban forest and an equitable provision of ecosystem services to present and future generations.
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| 2. |
- Gatu Johnson, Maria, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling and TOFOR measurements of scattered neutrons at JET
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, the scattered and direct neutron fluxes in the line-of-sight of the TOFOR neutron spectrometer at JET are simulated and the simulations compared with measurement results. The Monte Carlo code MCNPX is used in the simulations, with a vessel material composition obtained from the JET drawing office and neutron emission profiles calculated from TRANSP simulations of beam ion density profiles. The MCNPX simulations show that the material composition of the scattering wall has a large effect on the shape of the scattered neutron spectrum. Neutron source profile shapes as well as radial and vertical source displacements in the TOFOR line-of-sight are shown to only marginally affect the scatter, while having a larger impact on the direct neutron flux. A matrix of simulated scatter spectra for mono-energetic source neutrons is created which is folded with an approximation of the source spectrum for each JET pulse studied to obtain a scatter component for use in the data analysis. The scatter components thus obtained are shown to describe the measured data. It is also demonstrated that the scattered flux is approximately constant relative to the total neutron yield as measured with the JET fission chambers, while there is a larger spread in the direct flux, consistent with simulations. The simulated effect on the integrated scattered/direct ratio of an increase with movements outward along the radial direction and a drop at higher values of the vertical plasma position is also reproduced in the measurements. Finally, the quantitative agreement found in scatter/direct ratios between simulations (0.185±0.005) and measurements (0.187±0.050) serves as a solid benchmark of the MCNPX model used.
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| 3. |
- Gatu Johnson, Maria, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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The TOFOR neutron spectrometer and its first use at JET
- 2006
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - American Institute of Physics : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 77:10E702, s. 1-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A time-of-flight neutron spectrometer (TOFOR) has been developed to measure the 2.45 MeV d+d3He+n neutron emission from D plasmas. The TOFOR design features the capability to operate at high rates in the 100 kHz range, data collection with fast time digitizing and storing, and monitoring of the signals from the scintillation detectors used. This article describes the principles of the instrument and its installation at JET and presents preliminary data to illustrate the TOFOR performance as a neutron emission spectroscopy diagnostic.
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| 4. |
- Geneletti, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying Ecosystem Service Hotspots to Support Urban Planning in Trento
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure : Perspectives from Spatial Planning in Italy - Perspectives from Spatial Planning in Italy. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2520-8314 .- 2520-8306. - 9783030543440 - 9783030543457 ; , s. 153-165
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents the mapping of ecosystem service hotspots in the city of Trento, in the Italian Alps, and discusses the possible uses of the results to support the drawing of the new Urban Plan. Hotspots are defined as areas characterized by high levels of provision of multiple services. Particularly, the following ecosystem services were selected: biodiversity support, risk mitigation, mitigation of air pollution and noise from transport infrastructures, forest landscape value, food production, nature-based recreation, and microclimate regulation. Maps of the different ecosystem services were produced using a variety of assessment methods, and then overlaid to obtain a multiple-hotspot map. The results show that hotspots are found not only among forests and natural areas surrounding the city, but also in the intensely urbanized valley floor (e.g., within agricultural patches and green wedges). In terms of policy relevance, the ecosystem service hotspots are becoming part of the “structural elements” of the Urban Plan currently being drafted, along with more traditionally recognized elements, such as protected areas. The hotspots are intended to be preserved from urbanization and different actions are under consideration to improve the current network of green and blue spaces, thus increasing both connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services.
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| 5. |
- Prusakov, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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A global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in neonatal intensive care units : The no-more-antibiotics and resistance (NO-MAS-R) study
- 2021
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Ingår i: eClinicalMedicine. - : Elsevier. - 2589-5370. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Global assessment of antimicrobial agents prescribed to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may inform antimicrobial stewardship efforts.Methods: We conducted a one-day global point prevalence study of all antimicrobials provided to NICU infants. Demographic, clinical, and microbiologic data were obtained including NICU level, census, birth weight, gestational/chronologic age, diagnoses, antimicrobial therapy (reason for use; length of therapy), antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), and 30-day in-hospital mortality.Findings: On July 1, 2019, 26% of infants (580/2,265; range, 0-100%; median gestational age, 33 weeks; median birth weight, 1800 g) in 84 NICUs (51, high-income; 33, low-to-middle income) from 29 countries (14, high-income; 15, low-to-middle income) in five continents received >= 1 antimicrobial agent (92%, antibacterial; 19%, antifungal; 4%, antiviral). The most common reasons for antibiotic therapy were "rule-out" sepsis (32%) and "culture-negative" sepsis (16%) with ampicillin (40%), gentamicin (35%), amikacin (19%), vancomycin (15%), and meropenem (9%) used most frequently. For definitive treatment of presumed/confirmed infection, vancomycin (26%), amikacin (20%), and meropenem (16%) were the most prescribed agents. Length of therapy for culture-positive and "culture-negative" infections was 12 days (median; IQR, 8-14) and 7 days (median; IQR, 5-10), respectively. Mortality was 6% (42%, infection-related). An NICU ASP was associated with lower rate of antibiotic utilization (p = 0.02).Interpretation: Global NICU antibiotic use was frequent and prolonged regardless of culture results. NICU-specific ASPs were associated with lower antibiotic utilization rates, suggesting the need for their implementation worldwide.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Zohm, H., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 64:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98(p,y) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q-profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.
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