| 1. |
- Evers, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Testing Practices and Attitudes Toward Tests and Testing : An International Survey
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Testing. - : ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 1530-5058 .- 1532-7574. ; 17:2, s. 158-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On behalf of the International Test Commission and the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations a world-wide survey on the opinions of professional psychologists on testing practices was carried out. The main objective of this study was to collect data for a better understanding of the state of psychological testing worldwide. These data could guide the actions and measures taken by ITC, EFPA, and other stakeholders. A questionnaire was administered to 20,467 professional psychologists from 29 countries. Five scales were constructed relating to: concern over incorrect test use, regulations on tests and testing, internet and computerized testing, appreciation of tests, and knowledge and training relating to test use. Equivalence across countries was evaluated using the alignment method, four scales demonstrated acceptable levels of invariance. Multilevel analysis was used to determine how scores were related to age, gender, and specialization, as well as how scores varied between countries. Although the results show a high appreciation of tests in general, the appreciation of internet and computerized testing is much lower. These scales show low variability over countries, whereas differences between countries on the other reported scales are much greater. This implies the need for some overarching improvements as well as country-specific actions.
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| 2. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamics of Temperament and Character Profiles among Swedish Osteopathic Patients
- 2016
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Ingår i: 28th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigated the relationship between temperament and character profiles within Swedish osteopathic patients. The results suggest, for example, that patients with an “Explosive” or “Methodical” temperament profile might need to address aspects related to self-control and/or spirituality to make self-directed choices to improve their own health.
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| 3. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction of Health-Related Personality Profiles (Temperament and Character) in Patients
- 2016
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Ingår i: Evidence Live 16, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A patient's personality is the result of the dynamic interaction of a complex non-linear biopsychosocial system and the external environment to which she/he is continuously adapting to. This interaction is what leads the person to make self-directed choices for her/his well-being, for example, avoiding overeating or smoking. We investigated how temperament profiles are related to character profiles among Swedish osteopathic patients (N = 524). Personality was measured using theTemperament and Character Inventory Revised. The patients' temperament profiles were constructed by dividing their scores in high and low (N = high novelty seeking, n = low novelty seeking, H = high harm avoidance, h = low harm avoidance, R = high reward dependence; r = low reward dependence): NHR "Sensitive", NHr "Explosive", NhR "Passionate", Nhr "Adventurous", nHR "Cautious", nHr "Methodical", nhR "Reliable", nhr "Independent". The character profiles were constructed in the same way (S = high self-directedness, C = high cooperativeness, T = high self-transcendence; s = low self- directedness, c = low cooperativeness, t = low self-transcendence): SCT "Creative", SCt "Organized", ScT "Fanatical", Sct "Autocratic", sCT "Moody", sCt "Dependent", scT "Disorganized", sct "Depressive". We compared temperament and character profiles to see whether there was an agreement between the different combinations of personality dimensions using an exact cell-wise analysis. The results showed, for example, that a "Disorganized" character profile was typical for both an "Explosive" (Chi2=13.06, p<.001) and a "Methodical" (Chi2=6.89, p<.01) temperament profile. Suggesting that health issues in patients with any of these temperament profiles need to address aspects related to the self and others (e.g., self-control, empathy). However, both of these temperament profiles were also typical for the "Depressive" character profile (Chi2=3.23, p<.05 and Chi2=15.03, p<.001, respectively). That is, some patients with these temperament profiles might also need to address aspects related to spirituality to improve their health. The understanding of the person in front might be facilitated by a systematic paradigm that explains personality as an adaptive complex biopsychosociospiritual system. For example, patients with an "Explosive" and/or "Methodical" temperament profile might need to address aspects related to self-control, empathy and/or spirituality to make self-directed choices to improve their own health.
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| 4. |
- Mousavi, Fariba, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and intelligence: persistence, not self-directedness, cooperativeness or self-transcendence, is related to twins’ cognitive abilities
- 2015
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. A person-centered approach focusing on the interaction of an individual’s temperament-character-life events is essential in the path of individuals’ well-being. In this context, three character traits, Self-directedness (e.g., self-acceptance, self-control, goal-directed behavior), Cooperativeness (e.g., social affiliation, social tolerance, empathy and helpfulness) and Self-transcendence (e.g., spiritual acceptance, transpersonal identification), measured using Cloninger’s model of personality are suggested to help the individual to regulate and resolve the conflicts derived from her/his temperament combinations as a reaction to life events. However, if character is related to the individual’s cognitive ability, then this association might limit any intervention that focuses on character development. We used data from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) to investigate the relationship between personality and cognitive ability. Method. The sample consisted of 370 15-year-old twins (159 girls/211 boys), 192 of whom screen-positive with various types of mental health problems. We used the Temperament and Character Inventory to measure personality and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV) to measure intelligence. The relationship was investigated using correlation analyses using random-selected twins from each dyad and separately for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Additional analyses investigated the genetic and environmental effects on personality and cognitive ability in this specific sample. Results. There were no significant correlations between the WISC-IV indices and any of the character traits (i.e., Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence). Persistence was significantly related, if weak, to four WISC-IV indices: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and the Full WISC-IV Scale. Post-hoc cross-twin/cross-trait analyses showed that the Persistence-cognitive ability correlation might depend on common genetic effects. The WISC-IV indices showed a relatively large genetic influence, while earlier findings about the etiology of temperament and character traits using the whole CATSS sample were replicated in this sub-sample of twins. Conclusions. The results indicate that what individuals make of themselves intentionally (i.e., their character) was not associated to intelligence. Persistence, a temperament dimension that measures heritable individual differences in eagerness of effort, ambition, perfectionism, and resistance to discouragement despite frustration and fatigue, was weakly linked to intelligence. Suggesting that, at least during adolescence, interventions targeting character development are not limited by the individual’s intelligence.
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| 5. |
- Zwir, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Three Genetic-Environmental Networks for Human Personality
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 26, s. 3858-3875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness. We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2) organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles (i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.
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| 6. |
- Zwir, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Uncovering the complex genetics of human character
- 2020
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 25:10, s. 2295-2312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human personality is 30–60% heritable according to twin and adoption studies. Hundreds of genetic variants are expected to influence its complex development, but few have been identified. We used a machine learning method for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover complex genotypic–phenotypic networks and environmental interactions. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) measured the self-regulatory components of personality critical for health (i.e., the character traits of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence). In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified five clusters of people with distinct profiles of character traits regardless of genotype. Third, we found 42 SNP sets that identified 727 gene loci and were significantly associated with one or more of the character profiles. Each character profile was related to different SNP sets with distinct molecular processes and neuronal functions. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of 95% of the 42 SNP sets in healthy Korean and German samples, as well as their associations with character. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected for character in each sample (50 to 58%). We conclude that self-regulatory personality traits are strongly influenced by organized interactions among more than 700 genes despite variable cultures and environments. These gene sets modulate specific molecular processes in brain for intentional goal-setting, self-reflection, empathy, and episodic learning and memory.
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| 7. |
- Zwir, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Uncovering the complex genetics of human temperament
- 2020
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 25:10, s. 2275-2294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental studies of learning suggest that human temperament may depend on the molecular mechanisms for associative conditioning, which are highly conserved in animals. The main genetic pathways for associative conditioning are known in experimental animals, but have not been identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human temperament. We used a data-driven machine learning method for GWAS to uncover the complex genotypic–phenotypic networks and environmental interactions related to human temperament. In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified 3 clusters of people with distinct temperament profiles measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory regardless of genotype. Third, we found 51 SNP sets that identified 736 gene loci and were significantly associated with temperament. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by associative conditioning in animals, including the ERK, PI3K, and PKC pathways. 74% of the identified genes were unique to a specific temperament profile. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of the 51 Finnish SNP sets in healthy Korean (90%) and German samples (89%), as well as their associations with temperament. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected in each sample (37–53%) despite variable cultures and environments. We conclude that human temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory.
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