| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-effective nutrient and green-house gas management in the Baltic Sea region
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Environmental Economics. - 1998-6041 .- 1998-605X. ; 6, s. 80-90
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse cost-effective multi-target management of nutrient and GHG emissions, the challenge of which arises from the multi-pollutant emission of several sources and multifunctional capacity of abatement measures. The simple theoretical analysis shows that that simultaneous management of targets on both nutrients and GHG emission lower costs compared with separate management when i) the same source emits more than one pollutant, and ii) measures are complements in pollutant abatement. The application to the Baltic Sea region, where countries face intergovernmental targets on nitrogen and phosphorus loads and on carbon emissions, shows that multi-target compared with separate target management can reduce total abatement costs by 11% or approximately 1.5 billion Euro, which corresponds to 0.1% of total GDP in the region. The main reasons for this gain are the consideration of effects on both carbon and nitrogen emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, and the optimal use of land use measures which affects carbon and nutrient sequestration. However, the gains are unevenly distributed among the riparian countries, where Poland makes the largest and Russia might even face a loss
|
|
| 3. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Design of a climate tax on food consumption: Examples of tomatoes and beef in Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 211, s. 1576-1585
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined appropriate design of efficient climate taxes on consumption of food by constructing a simple theoretical model and exemplifying the results using the examples of tomatoes and beef in Sweden. The theoretical results showed that, for the tax to be efficient, i) existing taxes on greenhouse gases (GHGs) should be considered when calculating the climate impact in order to avoid double taxation, and ii) taxes should be differentiated between GHG (here carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) because of their differing climate impacts. The calculations of climate taxes on tomatoes and beef in Sweden indicated considerable differences in the tax level depending on whether conditions (i) and (ii) were considered or not. The commonly applied approach in the literature on climate taxes on food, i.e. taxing carbon dioxide equivalents (CO(2)e) using global warming potential over 100 years (GWP(100)) and neglecting existing taxes on GHG emissions, results in a tax that is 1.4-2.8 times higher than the efficient tax for tomatoes and a tax that is between 30% lower and 20% higher than the efficient tax for beef. Despite the relatively low variations in the climate tax on beef, estimated reduction in emissions from beef ranged between 23% and 35% depending on choice of tax. The price increases on food due to a climate tax and associated effects on emissions can thus show large variation depending on the tax calculation method. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Does Mussel Farming Promote Cost Savings and Equity in Reaching Nutrient Targets for the Baltic Sea?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mussel farming has been suggested as a low-cost option for reducing nutrient content in eutrophied waters. This study examines whether mussel farming contributes to reductions in total nutrient abatement cost and increases in equity for achieving nutrient load reduction targets to the Baltic Sea under different international policy regimes (cost-effective, country targets set by the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), and nutrient-trading markets). A cost-minimizing model is used to calculate the cost savings, and the analytical results show that mussel farming is a cost-effective option only when the marginal abatement cost is lower than for other abatement measures. The numerical cost-minimizing model of the Baltic Sea indicates that the largest abatement cost reductions from introduction mussel farming, approximately 3.5 billion SEK (9.36 SEK = 1 Euro), are obtained under the cost-effective and nutrient-trading systems. Equity, as measured by abatement cost in relation to affordability in terms of gross domestic product, is improved by mussel farming under the cost-effective regime but reduced under the BSAP country targets and nutrient-trading regimes.
|
|
| 6. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Ekonomisk analys av musselodling och multifunktionella åtgärder mot eutrofiering i Östersjön
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effekter på Östersjön av decenniers utsläpp av kväve och fosfor är väl kända och dokumenterade, och internationella överenskommelser har ingåtts för att minskautsläppen. En kostnadseffektiv strategi för att uppnå mål om sådana reduktioner kräver två typer av beslut. Ett är val av åtgärder och fördelning av utsläpp mellan länderna i Östersjöregionen, och det andra berör implementering av styrmedel för att uppnå en kostnadseffektiv lösning. I detta delprojekt har vi studerat kostnadseffektiva strategier vid förekomst av multifunktionella åtgärder som simultant reducerar utsläpp av kväve och fosfor och även andra föroreningar såsomCO2e. En del av projektet har då fokuserat på en relativt ny teknologi, nämligen musselodling. Väsentliga resultat är att musselodling kan minska kostnaderna för att uppnå BSAP (Baltic Sea Action Plan) mål för de nio länderna runt Östersjönmed 1390 miljoner kronor. Emellertid är upptaget av näringsämnen med musselodling osäkert. Vid beaktande av denna osäkerhet visar det sig dock musslornas kostnadsfördel stärks då totala reningskostnaden minskar med 2090 miljoner kr när musslor ingår som en åtgärd. Anledningen är att effekter av andra åtgärder, såsom ändrad markanvändning inom jordbruket, är mer osäkra än effekter av musselodling. Ett annat resultat är att musselodling bidrar något till en mer rättvis fördelning av kostnader mellan länderna i relation till deras totala inkomster. Musselodling, liksom flera andra multifunktionella åtgärder, kräver dock att stapling av reduktion av olika ämnen är möjlig. Med stapling menas att en åtgärd får tillgodoräknas reduktioner av utsläpp inom ramen för regleringar av flera enskilda utsläpp. Om detta inte tillåts kan t.ex. musselodling beaktas enbart förreduktion av fosfor och inte kväve. Resultat i detta projekt pekar på att kostnaderna kan öka med 6950 miljoner när stapling inte tillåts och att de är särskilt höga under den nuvarande överenskommelsen om reduktioner för enskilda länder jämfört meden kostnadseffektiv lösning. Kostnaden av att inte tillåta stapling blir ännu högre när vi också beaktar att en del åtgärder, såsom minskad djurhållning, dessutom får effekter på utsläpp av klimatgaser, och kan då uppgå till 15230 miljoner kr. Sammantaget kan sägas att resultaten som presenteras i denna rapport pekar på att kostnaderna för BSAP mål om kvävereduktioner kan reduceras om musselodling inkluderas, av en övergång från nuvarande länder specifika mål till en kostnadseffektiv strategi, och om stapling tillåts där multifunktionella åtgärder kan tillgodoräknas flera positiva miljöeffekter.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Hansson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
An indicator framework to guide food system sustainability transition – The case of Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. - 2665-9727. ; 22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Well-aligned food policies are needed at both national and international level to guide food system transformation towards sustainability. Rigorous indicator frameworks are essential in order to facilitate discussion of priorities, enable comparisons, assessment and progress monitoring, and ensure accountability. In this study, we develop a national framework for a sustainable food system, using Sweden as a case. Our framework, the Food System Sustainability House, advances the literature on sustainable food system frameworks in three distinct ways. Firstly, it is tailored to a specific national context (Sweden in our case); secondly, it distinguishes between impacts of domestic production arising within territorial boundaries and impacts related to Swedish consumption independent of country of origin; and thirdly, to facilitate policy priorities, it suggests how different dimensions of sustainability are interlinked at a conceptual level. From a scientific perspective, the Food System Sustainability House postulates the interlinkages between the societal objectives of the food system, the environmental foundations on which production takes place, and the economic system and governance which in the framework are suggested to function as enablers for an overall sustainable system. From a policy perspective, the framework provides a much-needed basis for assessing food system sustainability by suggesting indicators within a comprehensive set of sustainability themes at national level for monitoring distinct perspectives. It also provides the necessary basis for a discussion on how sustainability dimensions are interlinked.
|
|
| 9. |
- Jansson, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental consumption taxes on animal food products to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the European Union
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Climate Change Economics. - 2010-0078 .- 2010-0086. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Livestock cause around 10% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union. Despite the large quantities, no economic policy is in place to reduce emissions from the sector. In this paper, we introduce consumption taxes on animal products in the European Union to reduce GHG emissions. Impacts are simulated using the CAPRI model, which was created to analyze the impacts of agricultural policy reforms within the EU. Tax levels of 16, 60 and 290 Euro per ton of GHG emissions are used in the estimations.Our results show that consumption taxes have small mitigation effects, up to 4.9% of total agricultural emissions from the EU-27, mainly due to inelastic demand. The main source of reductions is beef and France is the country where most reductions would take place, given high levels of production and consumption in the country, combined with a large demand elasticity of beef.
|
|
| 10. |
- Moberg, Emma, et al.
(författare)
-
Determining the climate impact of food for use in a climate tax-design of a consistent and transparent model
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 0948-3349 .- 1614-7502. ; 24:9, s. 1715-1728
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The aim of this study was to determine transparent food carbon footprint values for use in a climate tax, using a consistent methodology across the taxed food products and taking into account the need for such a tax to be administratively simple and accepted by affected stakeholders. Methods A method based on Life Cycle Assessment following the ISO 14067 standard was developed for establishing simplified, yet consistent and transparent, datasets on the carbon footprint of food, for use as a base in a climate tax on food. Several sensitivity analyses were carried out to test the effects of inevitable methodological choices on the carbon footprint of different foods. The choices were then discussed in relation to taxation of food. The methodological choices included in the sensitivity analyses were different approaches to system boundaries, how to account for soil carbon changes and how to weigh greenhouse gases (GHGs). Results and discussion The results on the carbon footprint of food calculated with the suggested method are in line with earlier findings in the field, with animal products, especially beef, showing a substantially higher value than most plant-based foods. Regarding choice of system boundaries for using the values in a tax, it is of particular importance to target emissions from biological processes, as these are currently untaxed. This would also be administratively simpler but less acceptable as large emission sources especially for imported products and greenhouse grown vegetables would not be included. Modelling emissions from soil carbon changes using a site-dependent method can be an advantage to obtain results in line with empirical data. Using Global Warming Potential over 100 years to weigh GHGs would be most in line with current climate reporting, which is an advantage for the consistency and acceptability of a tax. Conclusions Ultimately, how taxes are set is a political decision, but food carbon footprint values determined with a consistent and simplified methodology are required in the process. This study presents carbon footprint values established using such method and provides valuable insights into how methodological choices affect the results of climate impact values and the implications for taxation.
|
|
