| 1. |
- Axelsson, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Miljönytta med energieffektivisering - en studie av miljöaspektens roll i EPC-projekt
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) är en energitjänst som förenklat innebär att investeringar i energibesparande åtgärder finansieras med hjälp av garanterade energibesparingar. En studie har gjorts av fyra EPC-projekt genomförda av offentliga organisationer i Sverige. Syftet har varit att undersöka i vilken mån miljönytta utgör en beslutsparameter i EPC-processen, samt att utveckla en metod och beräkningsverktyg som möjliggör för EPC-leverantörer att använda en och samma metod för att visa på miljönyttan av energieffektivisering. Vår huvudsakliga slutsats från denna studie är att miljöfrågan spelar en central roll i EPC-projekt men att den långt ifrån kan anses vara en väl fungerande beslutsparameter. En erfarenhet från studien är att ska miljöfrågan få en central roll i genomförandet av EPC-projektet måste den finnas med redan inför beslutet om att genomföra ett EPC-projekt. Detta gäller inte minst om leverantören förväntas optimera utifrån miljönytta, eller i alla fall vissa fördefinierade miljömål. Arbetet har resulterat i en EPC-miljökalkylator som hjälper leverantörer av EPC-tjänster att följa upp och synliggöra miljönyttan av energieffektivisering. Metoden för miljöbedömning spelar här en central roll eftersom den ger beställare möjlighet att, vid upphandling av EPC-projekt, krävs att miljöuppföljningen ska ske på ett specifikt sätt.
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| 2. |
- Bragesjö, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Condensed internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided soon after trauma : A randomised pilot trial
- 2021
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7829. ; 23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to trauma is common and may have detrimental psychological consequences. Brief exposure therapy provided early after trauma has shown encouraging results in promoting recovery. To scale up treatment availability, we developed a 3-week internet-delivered intervention comprised of four modules based on prolonged exposure (condensed internet-delivered prolonged exposure; CIPE) with therapist support. In this pilot study, we assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of CIPE delivered within 2 months after the index event. Thirty-three participants were randomised to CIPE or a waiting list (WL). The frequency, vividness and distress of intrusive recollections or flashback memories of the traumatic event were assessed using an intrusive memory smartphone app. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress were assessed by the PTSD Symptom Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). The most common index traumas in the sample were rape, interpersonal violence and life-threatening accidents. A majority of participants (82%) randomised to CIPE completed all modules, and the number of logins per participant to the Internet platform was high during the three-week intervention (M = 19.6, SD = 11.8). At post-treatment, the CIPE participants had a more favourable reduction than the WL group on the vividness and distress ratings, as well as on the PCL-5 sum score (bootstrapped d = 0.85; 95% CI [0.25-1.45]). Treatment effects were sustained at 6-months follow up and no severe adverse events associated with the intervention were found. CIPE seems to be a feasible and possibly efficacious early intervention after trauma. Large-scale trials are needed to assess its efficacy and long-term benefits.
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| 3. |
- Bragesjö, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Condensed Internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided soon after trauma : a randomised trial
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; , s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Exposure to trauma is common and can have a profoundly negative impact on mental health. Interventions based on trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy have shown promising results to facilitate recovery. The current trial evaluated whether a novel, scalable and digital early version of the intervention, Condensed Internet-Delivered Prolonged Exposure (CIPE), is effective in reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms.Method A single-site randomised controlled trial with self-referred adults (N = 102) exposed to trauma within the last 2 months. The participants were randomised to 3 weeks of CIPE or a waiting list (WL) for 7 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 1–3 (primary endpoint), week 4–7 (secondary endpoint) and at 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).Results The main analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle indicated statistically significant reductions in symptoms of post-traumatic stress in the CIPE group as compared to the WL group. The between-group effect size was moderate at week 3 (bootstrapped d = 0.70; 95% CI 0.33–1.06) and large at week 7 (bootstrapped d = 0.83; 95% CI 0.46–1.19). Results in the intervention group were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. No severe adverse events were found.Conclusions CIPE is a scalable intervention that may confer early benefits on post-traumatic stress symptoms in survivors of trauma. The next step is to compare this intervention to an active control group and also investigate its effects when implemented in regular care.
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| 4. |
- Bragesjö, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Demanding and effective : participants' experiences of internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided within two months after exposure to trauma
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Psychotraumatology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8198 .- 2000-8066. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The use of remotely delivered early intervention after trauma may prevent and/or reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Our research group evaluated a novel three-week therapist-guided internet-delivered intervention based on prolonged exposure (Condensed Internet-Delivered Prolonged Exposure; CIPE) in a pilot trial. The results indicated that the intervention was feasible, acceptable and reduced symptoms of post-traumatic stress at post-intervention compared to a waiting-list condition. Exposure to traumatic memories can be emotionally demanding and there is a need for detailed investigation of participants' experiences in receiving this type of intervention remotely.Objective: Investigate participants' experiences of receiving CIPE early after trauma.Method: In this study, qualitative thematic analysis was used and semi-structured interviews with 11 participants six months after intervention completion were conducted. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim.Results: One overarching theme labelled as 'demanding and effective' was identified. Participants expressed that treatment effects could only be achieved by putting in a lot of effort and by being emotionally close to the trauma memory during exposure exercises. Participants reported CIPE to be a highly credible- and educative intervention that motivated them to fully engage in exposure exercises. The most distressing parts of the intervention was perceived as tolerable and important to do to heal psychologically after trauma. For many participants, the possibility to engage in the intervention whenever and where it suited them was helpful, although some participants described it as challenging to find a balance between their own responsibility and when to expect therapist support. The internet-based format was perceived as a safe forum for self-disclosure that helped some participants overcome avoidance due to shame during imaginal exposure.Conclusion: CIPE was considered demanding, yet effective by the interviewed participants. The most distressing parts of the intervention was perceived to be the most important and were tolerable and feasible to provide online.
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| 5. |
- Gode, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish long-term low carbon scenario - Exploratory study on opportunities and barriers
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2009, the Swedish government proposed a vision of reaching zero net emissions of greenhouse gases in the year 2050. However, there are few details on concrete actions after 2020. In the light of the long investment cycles associated with energy, housing, transport infrastructure and heavy industry, we believe that the society now needs to start identifying possible pathways for reaching this vision. The pathways also need to be investigated in terms of their feasibility and consequences. The aim of our study has been to develop and elaborate on one potential future energy scenario where Sweden minimises the use of fossil fuels in 2050 and to identify opportunities and barriers. The scenario we present is one of several possible scenarios and is obviously not a forecast. Our purpose is not to show a likely development, but rather to illustrate, by example, a society that is largely independent of fossil fuels and what would be required to get there. In a next step, more detailed scenarios as well as accurate impact assessments are needed. For example, the impact of high bioenergy utilisation needs to be carefully examined. The results also show several cross-sectoral measures and/or effects that need further study. There is also a need for thorough cost analyses as well as analyses of what is required to implement these measures in practice. We have analysed potential fossil fuel reductions in the sectors industry, residential/service, transports and energy conversion. For these sectors, systematic investigations have been made on measures for replacing fossil fuels, improving energy efficiency and applying new technologies and industrial processes. Our scenario is to a great extent based on existing technologies. In addition to sector specific measures, we have applied cross-sectoral measures such as using industrial surplus heat in the residential sector or forest residues for producing heat and power. Furthermore, we have assumed a system change in transportation and limited use of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The applied measures influence the demand for electricity, heat/steam and fuels. The results indicate a very high demand for biofuels in the future.
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| 6. |
- Hagberg, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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LCA calculations on Swedish wood pellet production chains - according to the Renewable Energy Directive
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study includes calculations of typical life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases for representative Swedish pellet production chains in accordance with the calculation rules in RED (Directive 2009/28/EC). The study also intends to analyse how the directive is applicable on solid biofuels in general and on wood pellet production in particular, and to identify such aspects of the methodology in RED that are associated with obscurities, problems or lead to misleading results compared to other life cycle analysis principles. The report includes a large number of alternative calculations to show how different facts, assumptions and methodological choices affect the results. This includes the effect of what fuels are used for drying, different transport distances, assumed fuel mix for purchased electricity, the variance in efficiency between the investigated plants as well as the effect of different interpretations of the RED methodology for greenhouse gas calculations.
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| 7. |
- Holmgren, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading for the Transport sector
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study we have analysed different options to apply emissions trading for greenhouse gas emissions to the transport sector. The main focus has been on the EU transport sector and the possibility to include it in the current EU ETS in the trading period beginning in 2013. The purpose was to study how different alternatives will affect different actors. Focus has been on three sub sectors; road transport, aviation and shipping. The railway sector has only been treated on a general level. The study includes the following three parts: 1. An economic analysis of the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions trading for the transport sector including an analysis of how the total cost for reaching an emission target will be affected by an integrated emissions trading system for the transport sector and the industry (currently included sectors) compared to separate systems for the sectors, 2. An analysis of design possibilities for the different sub-sectors. Discussion of positive and negative aspects with different choices of design parameters, such as trading entity, covered greenhouse gases , allocation of emission allowances and monitoring systems, 3. Examination of the acceptance among different actors for different options of using greenhouse gas emissions trading in the transport sector .....
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| 8. |
- Särnholm, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Abatement costs for carbon dioxide reductions in the transport sector
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the process of developing policy instruments to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) it is important to know the abatement costs. The purpose of this report is to examine the abatement costs for measures that reduce the emissions of fossil carbon dioxide from the transport sector. Interviews were made with Swedish companies that may affect these emissions. Six measure categories have been examined. Only measures that the companies have implemented or are planning to implement are included in the study. The data provided by the companies have formed the basis for calculations of abatement costs and reduction potentials. The abatement costs and reduction potentials depend to a large extent on the assumed fuel prices and emission factors. Fuel prices including taxes (but excluding VAT ) and emission factors based on LCA -data from literature are used in the report. A sensitivity analysis with other fuel prices and emission factors, reflecting the importance of these input parameters, has been performed. In this study abatement costs for 26 carbon dioxide reducing measures, grouped into six different categories, have been calculated. The majority of the measures are included in the categories 'investment in new vehicles' and 'ecodriving'. The overall result shows that efficiency measures are cheaper than fuel-shift measures. The cheapest fuel-shift measure (low blending of bio fuels) has a negative cost (about -1500 SEK / ton CO2) when taxes are included, while most other fuel-shift measures are considerably more expensive. Most efficiency measures had abatement costs far below 0 SEK / ton CO2. The abatement costs for fuel-shift measures are much higher in the transport sector than in the energy sector, under comparable circumstances. No national reduction potentials have been calculated for the measures in this study, neither has any MAC -curves been constructed. This was not in the scope of this study. Further studies are recommended to include these aspects, preferably based on the measures in this report. In addition to descriptions of abatement costs, descriptions of the road transport categories and the measures provide valuable insights into the transport sector. The differences between the road transport categories, e.g. between road freight transport and buses, provide different possibilities to implement carbon dioxide reducing measures.
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| 9. |
- Särnholm, Erik
(författare)
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Åtgärdskostnader för minskning av koldioxidutsläpp vid svenska kraftvärme- och värmeanläggningar
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med den här studien är att uppskatta kostnaderna för att reducera koldioxidutsläppen från kraftvärme- och värmeproduktion vid de tretton största fjärrvärmenäten i Sverige. De står för ca 2/3 av de totala koldioxidemissionerna inom kraftvärme- och värmesektorn. Studien utgår från företagens perspektiv vid reduktion av koldioxid. Det innebär att enbart koldioxid-emissioner från produktionsanläggningarna inkluderas. Vidare innebär detta att ökad elproduktion och värmeproduktion på grund av nyanslutningar till fjärrvärmenäten i de flesta fall leder till ökade koldioxidutsläpp för företaget. I ett samhällsperspektiv kan det dock leda till minskade koldioxidutsläpp. I studien har det varit möjligt att beräkna åtgärdskostnader för 9 av de 13 största fjärrvärmenäten. De 9 fjärrvärmenäten stod år 2004 för knappt 50% av de totala emissionerna inom kraftvärme- och värmesektorn (exklusive kondensdrift). De åtgärder som identifierats i studien (totalt 32 stycken) omfattar sammanlagt knappt 2,2 miljoner ton fossil koldioxid. Åtgärderna är ett urval av åtgärder gjorda 1998-2003 samt åtgärder som är på väg att genomföras eller är möjliga att genomföra. Kostnaden för dessa åtgärder är mellan -829 kr / ton fossil koldioxid (det vill säga en intäkt) och 2815 kr / ton med en genomsnittlig kostnad på 228 kr / ton fossil koldioxid. Medianåtgärden kostar 225 kr / ton fossil koldioxid. Utförligare resultat redovisas i tabell 1, tabell 2 och Figur 1 där åtgärderna grupperats i åtgärdstyper. I Figur 2 åskådliggörs respektive åtgärds kostnad och omfattning. Åtgärderna är där sorterade efter kostnad och inte i den ordning de har genomförts eller kommer att genomföras. Det finns ytterligare åtgärder som undersökts, men de innebär ökade utsläpp eller rör enbart kondensdrift, och har inte tagits med i de sammanfattande beräkningarna.
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| 10. |
- Åström, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency improvements in the European Household and Service sector : - data inventory to the GAINS model
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Further improvements in the energy performance of buildings and equipment are important to Europe as means reducing energy demand as well as greenhouse gas emissions. For both the residential sector and the service sector, heating and ventilation as well as air conditioning constitutes many of the total energies uses in these sectors, and there are large potentials for further improvements in the energy performance in the 'climate shell' of most European houses and buildings.The International Institute for Applied System Analysis has developed the GAINS model. The GAINS models most recent methodology updates allow for a detailed description of the residential and commercial sector with energy use, potential for energy demand reduction as well as energy demand reduction costs. To implement the new detailed methodology for the European version of the GAINS model, a data inventory is needed.In this study, detailed data on energy use, building stocks and control technologies have been compiled and converted into the format suitable for the GAINS model. Bottom-up projections have been calibrated with the EU projection currently used as a European baseline in the GAINS model for the EU-27 countries as well as Norway, Switzerland and Turkey.
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