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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 5. |
- Cacciabue, Pietro Carlo, et al.
(författare)
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Unified Driver Model simulation and its application to the automotive, rail and maritime domains
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 21, s. 315-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the implementation of a model of a driver into a computerised numerical simulation. The model is developed to capture the essential characteristics and common aspects of cognition and behaviour of a human being in control of a “vehicle” in different surface transport systems, namely trains, cars and ships. The main functions of the simulation are discussed as well as the experiments carried out in different types of driving simulators to support the estimation of the parameters utilised in the numerical simulation. The validation processes carried out in the rail and maritime domains are also discussed together with a critical review of capacities and limitations of the proposed approach.
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| 6. |
- Dahlberg, Moa
(författare)
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Shared Authority – More Capacity : Hybrid Governance of National Parks in Southern Africa
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A state's ability to establish and enforce collective rules is central to its ability to govern. How states can increase their capacity to achieve this in areas where local actors – such as traditional authorities in Africa –are central structures is therefore occupying both researchers and practitioners. I contribute to this growing body of literature by focusing on the de facto interactions between state- and traditional authorities. Based on extensive fieldwork, I study how hybrid governance arrangements with traditional authorities influence the state's capacity to govern through the perceptions and experiences of park- and traditional authorities and local inhabitants in National Park governance in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park and Conservation Area. The findings align with previous scholarships, showing that states can increase their capacity by sharing authority with traditional authorities. I show that park authorities actively interact with traditional authorities to increase their capacity to establish and enforce conservation rules. Negotiations and informal practices harmonize rules, mitigate conflicts, and combine formal and customary enforcement systems, thus strengthening the state system. The thesis underlines that to understand the capacity of the modern African state, we need to include the informal governance practices with local actors in our analyses.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Ola, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The Long distance wake behind Horns Rev I studied using large eddy simulations and a wind turbine parameterization in WRF
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present paper is to obtain a better understanding of long distance wakes generated by wind farms as a first step towards a better understanding of farm to farm interaction. The Horns Rev I (HR) wind farm is considered for this purpose, where comparisons are performed between microscale Large Eddy Simulations (LES) using an Actuator Disc model (ACD), mesoscale simulations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) using a wind turbine parameterization, production data as well as wind measurements in the wind farm wake. The LES is manually set up according to the wind conditions obtained from the mesoscale simulation as a first step towards a meso/microscale coupling.The LES using an ACD are performed in the EllipSys3D code. A forced boundary layer (FBL) approach is used to introduce the desired wind shear and the atmospheric turbulence field from the Mann model. The WRF uses a wind turbine parameterization based on momentum sink. To make comparisons with the LESs and the site data possible an idealized setup of WRF is used in this study.The case studied here considers a westerly wind direction sector (at hub height) of 270 ± 2.5 degrees and a wind speed of 8 ± 0.5 m/s. For both the simulations and the site data a neutral atmosphere is considered. The simulation results for the relative production as well as the wind speed 2 km and 6 km downstream from the wind farm are compared to site data. Further comparisons between LES and WRF are also performed regarding the wake recovery and expansion.The results are also compared to an earlier study of HR using LES as well as an earlier comparison of LES and WRF. Overall the results in this study show a better agreement between LES and WRF as well as better agreement between simulations and site data.The procedure of using the profile from WRF as inlet to LES can be seen as a simplified coupling of the models that could be developed further to combine the methods for cases of farm to farm interaction.
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| 9. |
- Gonzalez, Manuel Cruz, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Hyperleptinemia is associated with altered endothelial function
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Leptin effects on vascular endothelium may be a key mediator although contradictory results have been presented. We aimed to explore the effects of leptin on endothelial vasomotor and fibrinolytic function in healthy volunteers and patients with coronary heart disease.Methods and Results The vascular effects of leptin were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography in healthy volunteers (n=17) and in patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) (n=83). In healthy male volunteers, intra-arterial infusion of recombinant human leptin (80, 800 and 8,000 ng/min; n=10) did not affect forearm blood flow or plasma tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) concentrations (all P>0.05). However, during concomitant co-infusion with leptin (800 ng/min; n=10), induced vasodilatation was reduced (P=0.001), and tPA activity increased (P=0.002). In line with this, patients with coronary heart disease included in the highest tertile of plasma leptin concentrations had reduced substance P-induced vasodilatation (P<0.001), and increased tPA antigen and activity release (p<0.001 and p=0.03 respectively) compared to those in the lowest tertile.Conclusions Although leptin does not directly affect basal vascular function, acute local and chronic systemic hyperleptinemia are associated with altered endothelial function in healthy volunteers and patients with coronary heart disease respectively. These results support hyperleptinemia as a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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