| 1. |
- Barath, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : BioMed Central. - 1743-8977. ; 7:1, s. 19-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Traffic emissions including diesel engine exhaust are associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure studies have demonstrated impaired vascular function after inhalation of exhaust generated by a diesel engine under idling conditions.OBJECTIVES: To assess the vascular and fibrinolytic effects of exposure to diesel exhaust generated during urban-cycle running conditions that mimic ambient 'real-world' exposures.METHODS: In a randomised double-blind crossover study, eighteen healthy male volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust (approximately 250 mug/m3) or filtered air for one hour during intermittent exercise. Diesel exhaust was generated during the urban part of the standardized European Transient Cycle. Six hours post-exposure, vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function was assessed during venous occlusion plethysmography with intra-arterial agonist infusions.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forearm blood flow increased in a dose-dependent manner with both endothelial-dependent (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and endothelial-independent (sodium nitroprusside and verapamil) vasodilators. Diesel exhaust exposure attenuated the vasodilatation to acetylcholine (P < 0.001), bradykinin (P < 0.05), sodium nitroprusside (P < 0.05) and verapamil (P < 0.001). In addition, the net release of tissue plasminogen activator during bradykinin infusion was impaired following diesel exhaust exposure (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Exposure to diesel exhaust generated under transient running conditions, as a relevant model of urban air pollution, impairs vasomotor function and endogenous fibrinolysis in a similar way as exposure to diesel exhaust generated at idling. This indicates that adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation occur over different running conditions with varying exhaust composition and concentrations as well as physicochemical particle properties. Importantly, exposure to diesel exhaust under ETC conditions was also associated with a novel finding of impaired of calcium channel-dependent vasomotor function. This implies that certain cardiovascular endpoints seem to be related to general diesel exhaust properties, whereas the novel calcium flux-related effect may be associated with exhaust properties more specific for the ETC condition, for example a higher content of diesel soot particles along with their adsorbed organic compounds.
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| 2. |
- Bergström, Göran, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Body weight at age 20 and in midlife is more important than weight gain for coronary atherosclerosis: Results from SCAPIS.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atherosclerosis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1484 .- 0021-9150. ; 373, s. 46-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated body weight in adolescence is associated with early cardiovascular disease, but whether this association is traceable to weight in early adulthood, weight in midlife or to weight gain is not known. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of midlife coronary atherosclerosis being associated with body weight at age 20, body weight in midlife and body weight change.We used data from 25,181 participants with no previous myocardial infarction or cardiac procedure in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS, mean age 57 years, 51% women). Data on coronary atherosclerosis, self-reported body weight at age 20 and measured midlife weight were recorded together with potential confounders and mediators. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and expressed as segment involvement score (SIS).The probability of having coronary atherosclerosis was markedly higher with increasing weight at age 20 and with mid-life weight (p<0.001 for both sexes). However, weight increase from age 20 until mid-life was only modestly associated with coronary atherosclerosis. The association between weight gain and coronary atherosclerosis was mainly seen in men. However, no significant sex difference could be detected when adjusting for the 10-year delay in disease development in women.Similar in men and women, weight at age 20 and weight in midlife are strongly related to coronary atherosclerosis while weight increase from age 20 until midlife is only modestly related to coronary atherosclerosis.
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| 3. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Landscape perception : linking physical monitoring data to perceived landscape properties
- 2020
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Ingår i: Landscape research. - : Routledge. - 0142-6397 .- 1469-9710. ; 45:2, s. 179-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in the landscape affect not only people’s well-being but also how people perceive and use the landscape. An increasing number of policies have highlighted the importance of conserving a landscape’s recreational and aesthetical values. This study develops and evaluates a model that links people’s perceptions of a mountain landscape to physical monitoring data. Using a questionnaire, we revealed how respondents working with the Swedish mountains characterise the Magnificent Mountain landscape (as defined by Swedish policy objectives) and translated these characteristics into data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS). We found 14 potential indicators that could be derived from the existing NILS physical monitoring data and which could be used to monitor changes in the landscape values as perceived by people. Based on the results, we suggest how to simultaneously utilise field sampling of physical data and field photos to provide temporal information about landscape perception.
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| 4. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Pastures under pressure : Effects of other land users and the environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 ; , s. 76-98
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer husbandry has a long history of sharing landscapes with a multitude of other forms of land use. By competing for space, industrial resource developments from the early 20th century onwards have affected where, when and how the landscape can be used for reindeer grazing. Extending from the local to the landscape level, these impacts can reduce pastures either directly or indirectly as a result of increasing landscape fragmentation or changing reindeer behaviour. Furthermore, environmental drivers influence the dynamics of forage availability or accessibility for reindeer. The observed trend of shrinking pastures in the three countries is caused by these cumulative impacts. As a consequence, grazing pressure on the remaining pastures increases, and it curtails reindeer herders’ options to respond to the challenges of climate change. Reversing the continuing decrease in pastures requires the restoration of grazing resources and increasing landscape connectivity to facilitate movement and grazing rotation. However, socio-political incentives are also required to sustain reindeer pastures in the future. This includes an increase in the influence of reindeer herders on land use decisions and the inclusion of their traditional ecological knowledge of pasture management to identify alternative approaches to natural resource management.
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| 5. |
- Klocker Larsen, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Kumulativa effekter av exploateringar på renskötseln : Vad behöver göras inom tillståndsprocesser
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En av de största utmaningarna i dagens landskapsplanering rör de många och ofta konkurrerande anspråken på mark och naturresurser. Denna rapport redovisar resultaten från ett projekt som syftade till att utveckla kunskap och metodik för att beskriva och ta hänsyn till kumulativa effekter av exploateringar på den samiska renskötseln.Projektet sökte svar på följande frågor:1. Kartläggning av kumulativa effektera. Hur stora arealer upptar de kumulativa effekterna av exploateringar på renskötseln?b. Vilka metoder kan utvecklas för att dokumentera och kommunicera omfattning och effekter av olika former av exploateringar på renskötseln i ett landskap?2. Beaktandet av kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocessera. Vilka möjligheter och svårigheter har svenska myndigheter inom dagens regelverk och myndighetspraxis att beakta kumulativa effekter och hantera konflikter mellan olika anspråk?b. Vilka ansatser kan utvecklas för att förbättra hänsynen till kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprövning?Metod Kartläggningen av kumulativa effekter gjordes för Vilhelmina norra sameby genom att beräkna det totala störningsområdet utifrån information om historiska, befintliga och potentiella framtida exploateringar samt forskning kring störningszoner. Vi har använt kartlagd information för all infrastruktur och mänsklig aktivitet, och applicerat störningszoner för respektive störningskälla för att beräkna hur stor yta som berörs av de olika störningskällorna. Detta är första gången en metod presenteras för att uppskatta det totala störningsområdet som mått för de kumulativa effekterna av exploateringar på renskötseln.Studien av hänsyn till kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna gjordes i en deltagande policyanalys med bidrag från tjänstemän på de berörda tillståndsmyndigheterna som fick belysa hur de ser på regelverket och sin praxis och hur dessa kan förbättras. Detta är också första gången i Sverige som berörda tjänstemän från olika myndigheter tillsammans medverkat vid analys av regelverket och sin egen praxis rörande kumulativa effekter. Huvudmomentet i arbetet var en tvådagars workshop som hölls den 7–8 maj 2015.Resultat Vilhelmina norra sameby har sett en omfattande kumulativ förlust av sitt betesområde, mätt i det samlade störningsområdet. Det totala störningsområdet sedan förra sekelskiftet och fram till i dag i Vilhelmina norra sameby uppgick till 30 % (4679 km2) av samebyns 15 709 km2. Beräknat för vinterbeteslandet är störningsområdet 54 % (4111 km2) av samebyns 7656 km2 vinterbetesmark. I scenariot för år 2050 beräknas det totala störningsområdet till 39 % (6131 km2) av hela samebyn och 50 % (3815 km2) av vinterbeteslandet. Scenarioberäkningen visar att är det möjligt att faktiskt öka den tillgängliga betesarealen i ett framtida renbeteslandskap genom ett antal strategiska åtgärder i landskapet.Erfarenheterna från tjänstemännen som deltog i denna studie visar på avsevärda hinder i det befintliga regelverket och myndighetspraxis för att beakta de kumulativa effekterna. Följande hinder för att beakta kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna identifierades:Isolerade stuprör och fragmenterade tillståndsprocesser;Bristande underlag vid tillståndsprövning;Hög arbetsbörda och orealistiska förväntningar på samebyarna;Spänningar mellan politisk styrning och myndighetsutövning;Olika tolkningar av regelverk och underlag.Följande åtgärder som kan anammas för att förbättra beaktandet av kumulativa effekter i tillståndsprocesserna framkom:Minska fragmentering i prövningen;Säkerställa en oberoende MKB-process;Etablera en gemensam databas och en regional landskapsplanering;Införa en toleransnivå för vad samebyar förväntas tåla;Förse renskötseln med tillräckliga resurserSlutsatser Denna studie initierades i syfte att sätta igång en strukturerad diskussion kring hur myndigheter kan ta hänsyn till och motverka kumulativa effekter av andra markanvändningar på renskötseln. Detta kommer att kräva fortsatt engagemang från de involverade aktörerna. Vi skulle gärna se att dialogen utökas till att innefatta också bolag och deras konsulter, då denna pilotstudie fokuserade på myndigheternas erfarenhet.I brist på tydliga riktlinjer och praxis kring hur kumulativa effekter ska beaktas får enskilda tjänstemän för närvarande en svår sits när de förväntas medla mellan samebyar och bolag. Omfattande osäkerhet präglar vad som kan betraktas som ”relevanta” effekter, vilka metoder som är legitima för att beakta dessa effekter, och hur evidensen bör inkluderas i beslutsfattandet. När regelverk och procedur är otydliga, lämnar staten i praktiken över ansvaret till samebyarna och bolagen att, på eget initiativ, förhandla kring vad som är relevanta effekter att ta hänsyn till. Det finns starka argument för att skapa en tydligare ansats inom lagstiftning och förvaltningspraxis så att hänsyn kan tas till de kumulativa effekterna.
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| 6. |
- Kløcker Larsen, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Omtvistade landskap : Navigering mellan konkurrerande markanvändning och kumulativa effekter
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten presenterar ny kunskap om hur staten, exploatörer och samebyar kan förbättra hanteringen av exploateringars kumulativa effekter på renskötseln och samisk markanvändning.Rapporten bygger på ett forskningsprojekt som genomförts i partnerskap mellan samiska organisationer knutna till renskötseln, och forskningsinstitutionerna. Sex delstudier ingår i rapporten.•Hänsynen till kumulativa effekter i gruvbolags miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar, •samiskt inflytande i samband med miljöbedömningar, •vindkraftens påverkan under driftsfas på renskötseln i kalvningsområde, •metodik för att beräkna störningszoner, •konsekvenserna för renskötseln av vattenkraftutbyggnaden i Porjus och Vojmån samt möjliga skadelindrande åtgärder, samt •hur myndigheter kan efterleva sina skyldigheter mot samebyar i samband med tillståndsprocesser för konkurrerande markanvändning.Forskningen har finansierats av Naturvårdsverkets miljöforskningsanslag till stöd för Naturvårdsverket och Havs- och vattenmyndighetens verksamhet.
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| 7. |
- Langrish, Jeremy, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to nitrogen dioxide is not associated with vascular dysfunction in man
- 2010
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Ingår i: Inhalation Toxicology. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0895-8378 .- 1091-7691. ; 22:3, s. 192-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. It is unclear whether these effects are mediated through combustion-derived particulate matter or gaseous components, such as nitrogen dioxide. Objectives: To investigate the effect of nitrogen dioxide exposure on vascular vasomotor and six fibrinolytic functions. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers were exposed to nitrogen dioxide at 4 ppm or filtered air for 1 h during intermittent exercise in a randomized double-blind crossover study. Bilateral forearm blood flow and fibrinolytic markers were measured before and during unilateral intrabrachial infusion of bradykinin (100–1000 pmol/min), acetylcholine (5–20 μg/min), sodium nitroprusside (2–8 μg/min), and verapamil (10–100 μg/min) 4 h after the exposure. Lung function was determined before and after the exposure, and exhaled nitric oxide at baseline and 1 and 4 h after the exposure. Results: There were no differences in resting forearm blood flow after either exposure. There was a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with all vasodilators but this was similar after either exposure for all vasodilators (p > .05 for all). Bradykinin caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma tissue-plasminogen activator, but again there was no difference between the exposures. There were no changes in lung function or exhaled nitric oxide following either exposure. Conclusion: Inhalation of nitrogen dioxide does not impair vascular vasomotor or fibrinolytic function. Nitrogen dioxide does not appear to be a major arbiter of the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution.
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| 8. |
- Langrish, Jeremy P, et al.
(författare)
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Altered nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to diesel exhaust inhalation-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in man
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Heart Association. - : American stroke association. - 2047-9980. ; 2:1, s. e004309-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Diesel exhaust inhalation causes cardiovascular dysfunction including impaired vascular reactivity, increased blood pressure, and arterial stiffness. We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in mediating these effects.Methods and Results In 2 randomized double-blind crossover studies, healthy nonsmokers were exposed to diesel exhaust or filtered air. Study 1: Bilateral forearm blood flow was measured during intrabrachial infusions of acetylcholine (ACh; 5 to 20 mu g/min) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2 to 8 mu g/min) in the presence of the NO clamp (NO synthase inhibitor N-G-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) 8 mu g/min coinfused with the NO donor SNP at 90 to 540 ng/min to restore basal blood flow). Study 2: Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and cardiac output were measured during systemic NO synthase inhibition with intravenous L-NMMA (3 mg/kg). Following diesel exhaust inhalation, plasma nitrite concentrations were increased (68 +/- 48 versus 41 +/- 32 nmol/L; P=0.006) despite similar L-NMMA-induced reductions in basal blood flow (-20.6 +/- 14.7% versus -21.1 +/- 14.6%; P=0.559) compared to air. In the presence of the NO clamp, ACh and SNP caused dose-dependent vasodilatation that was not affected by diesel exhaust inhalation (P>0.05 for both). Following exposure to diesel exhaust, L-NMMA caused a greater increase in blood pressure (P=0.048) and central arterial stiffness (P=0.007), but reductions in cardiac output and increases in systemic vascular resistance (P>0.05 for both) were similar to those seen with filtered air.Conclusions Diesel exhaust inhalation disturbs normal vascular homeostasis with enhanced NO generation unable to compensate for excess consumption. We suggest the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution are, in part, mediated through reduced NO bioavailability.
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| 9. |
- Lidestav, Gun, et al.
(författare)
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Traditional knowledge and natural resource governance: a gender perspective
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sharing knowledge for land use management : Decision-making and expertise in Europe’s northern periphery. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789901887 ; , s. 42–54 -
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gendered nature of land use practices, whether traditional or modern, should, according to the Akwé: Kon Voluntary Guidelines, be recognized and included in land use planning. However, this is not always the case. Using examples from the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Sweden, this chapter demonstrates how gender-based analysis, by means of different frameworks of complexity, can be useful in planning for the sustainable use of natural resources. The frameworks used are increasingly complex and interrelated, namely gender as an empirical variable, gender as a relational and structuralizing category and gender as a meaning category. Regardless of traditional or modern land use practice, our three examples support the perception of the gendered nature of land use knowledge, and clearly demonstrate how the Akwé: Kon Voluntary Guidelines on gender considerations and gender-based analysis can be connected to participatory GIS.
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| 10. |
- Mills, Nicholas L, et al.
(författare)
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Diesel exhaust inhalation does not affect heart rhythm or heart rate variability
- 2011
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Ingår i: Heart. - : BMJ. - 1355-6037 .- 1468-201X. ; 97:7, s. 544-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Exposure to air pollution is associated with increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of diesel exhaust inhalation on heart rhythm and heart rate variability in healthy volunteers and patients with coronary heart disease.Design and setting Double-blind randomised crossover studies in a university teaching hospital.Patients 32 healthy non-smoking volunteers and 20 patients with prior myocardial infarction.Interventions All 52 subjects were exposed for 1 h to dilute diesel exhaust (particle concentration 300 μg/m(3)) or filtered air.Main outcome measures Heart rhythm and heart rate variability were monitored during and for 24 h after the exposure using continuous ambulatory electrocardiography and assessed using standard time and frequency domain analysis.Results No significant arrhythmias occurred during or following exposures. Patients with coronary heart disease had reduced autonomic function in comparison to healthy volunteers, with reduced standard deviations of the NN interval (SDNN, p<0.001) and triangular index (p<0.001). Diesel exhaust did not affect heart rate variability compared with filtered air (p>0.05 for all) in healthy volunteers (SDNN 101±6 vs 91±6, triangular index 20±1 vs 21±1) or patients with coronary heart disease (SDNN 47±5 vs 38±4, triangular index 8±1 vs 7±1).Conclusions Brief exposure to dilute diesel exhaust does not alter heart rhythm or heart rate variability in healthy volunteers or well-treated patients with stable coronary heart disease. Autonomic dysfunction does not appear to be a dominant mechanism that can explain the observed excess in cardiovascular events following exposure to combustion-derived air pollution.
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