| 1. |
- Liuzza, Marco Tullio, et al.
(författare)
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Body Odor Trait Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Perception of Sweat Biosamples
- 2017
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 42:6, s. 479-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body odors are potent triggers of disgust and regulate social behaviors in many species. The role of olfaction in disgust-associated behaviors has received scant attention in the research literature, in part because olfactory disgust assessments have required laboratory testing with odors. We have devised the Body Odor Disgust Scale (BODS) to facilitate research on olfactory disgust. In this study, we evaluated whether individual differences in BODS scores would be associated with the perception of disgust for sweat samples in a laboratory setting. Results show that BODS was a strong predictor of disgust ratings of sweat samples even when controlling for general disgust sensitivity. In contrast, odor intensity ratings were unrelated to BODS scores. Our findings suggest that the BODS scores reflect body odor disgust perception. The BODS scale might facilitate research on olfactory disgust responses and associated behaviors.
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| 2. |
- Sorokowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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TOM-32-An extended test for the assessment of olfactory memory
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0270 .- 1872-678X. ; 344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Olfactory memory testing is a promising way to explore different aspects of smell-related abilities in healthy subjects as well as to diagnose various diseases associated with disorders of this type of memory. Despite the obvious value of olfactory memory assessments, few available methods enable its diagnosis.New method: The aim of our study was to create a standardized research tool designed for olfactory memory studies: an extended, 32-item version of an available Test for Odor Memory.Results: The study involving 222 subjects revealed satisfactory psychometric qualifies of TOM-32, and - as hypothesized - subjects with depression scored significantly lower than healthy participants. We additionally showed that TOM-32 scores was associated with sex, age and olfactory awareness. Women performed significantly better than men, young people tended to have lower false alarm rate than older subjects and olfactory awareness was positively associated with olfactory memory.Comparison with existing method(s): TOM-32 could expand the possibilities of testing olfactory memory. It may offer additional information about cognitive and sensory abilities relative to existing research tools, and the large number of included test items may facilitate repeated and longitudinal testing. Wide range of applied odors increases the possibility to detect subtle differences between, as well as changes within, individuals.Conclusions: We present an extensive olfactory memory test with satisfactory psychometric qualifies - a test that is comprehensive enough to show significant inter- and intra-individual differences, but time-efficient enough to be comfortable in daily research and clinical usage.
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| 3. |
- Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral responses of horses (Equus ferus caballus) vary in response to potentially threatening odor condition and aversive social odor stimuli
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : ELSEVIER. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Horses (Equus ferus caballus) engage their sense of smell in numerous behaviors. However, only few studies so far evaluated responses of horses to olfactory stimuli presumed to be either attractive or aversive and rather focused on presenting horses with only one type of odor. Therefore, we assessed behavioral responses of horses towards seven natural odors that are either potentially threatening, or socially attractive, or socially aversive. To this end, we presented a total of 10 horses with the following odors: same-sex and opposite-sex horse feces; same-sex and opposite-sex horse urine; tiger (Panthera tigris) feces and urine; and horse blood attached to one of two simul-taneously presented food buckets and recorded their behavior. We found that the horses displayed clear behavioral reactions towards potentially threatening odors (tiger feces and urine; horse blood) compared to socially attractive (opposite-sex feces and urine) and, in some cases, socially aversive (same-sex feces and urine) odors. More precisely, the horses put their ears back significantly more frequently and tended to do it for longer in the potentially threatening odor condition compared to the socially attractive one. In the potentially threat-ening odor condition, the horses ate from the control bucket significantly more frequently compared to the other two conditions. Detailed analyses showed that the horses behavioral responses were particularly pronounced following exposure to tiger feces and urine. Furthermore, we found that, in some situations, socially aversive odor stimuli caused higher vigilance and more cautious approach, as reflected in increased time of sniffing the odor-bearing bucket and decreased frequency of eating from it in the socially aversive compared to the poten-tially threatening odor condition. These findings suggest that horses, which are known as prey and social ani-mals, are sensitive to social odors and even more so to odors from predators.
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| 4. |
- Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory-based interspecific recognition of human emotions: Horses (Equus ferus caballus) can recognize fear and happiness body odour from humans (Homo sapiens)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : ELSEVIER. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotional recognition has been demonstrated to occur between members of different species. However, the majority of studies on interspecific communication of emotions so far focused on the senses of vision and hearing while the contribution of the sense of smell has rarely been studied in this context. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess if horses display differential behaviour in response to human fear and non-fear odour. Body odour samples were collected from 10 adult humans (Homo sapiens) in fear and happiness condition, respectively. The human body odour samples collected in these two conditions, together with a control condition, were then presented to a total of 21 horses (Equus ferus caballus). We found that the horses displayed some differential behaviour in response to human fear and non-fear odour. The horses lifted their heads significantly more frequently and for longer in the fear and in the control condition compared to the happiness condition. Similarly, the horses tended to touch a familiar person that was present during the test more frequently and for longer in the fear condition compared to the happiness condition. Additionally, depending on odour condition, the horses differed in the time they spent keeping their ears back. These results can be explained in the context of the process of domestication which may have favoured the development of the ability to recognize heterospecific emotions. To conclude, in the present study we provide evidence for a possible purely olfactory recognition of human emotions by horses.
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