| 1. |
- Sadeghi, M., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical and mechanical post-processing of Alloy 718 built via electron beam-powder bed fusion : Surface texture and corrosion behavior
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials & design. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alloy 718 specimens manufactured via electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) were subjected to post-processing techniques, such as thermal post-treatment and surface finishing. Hot isostatic pressing followed by solution-aging heat treatment (HIP-HT) was used as the thermal post-treatment. Surface finishing techniques, such as turning (TU), shot peening (SP), chemically accelerated vibratory finishing (CAVF), and electro-polishing (EP), were applied on the as-built and HIP-HT specimens. The surface texture of all the specimens was characterized, with the HIP-HT specimen having the highest area arithmetical mean height (Sa) value of 52 ± 1.8 µm and the TU specimen having the lowest at 1.1 ± 0.1 µm. The corrosion performance, typically associated with surface texture, was not always tied to the overused Sa value. CAVF had the highest polarization resistance of 75.8 kΩ.cm2 among the studied methods, followed by TU with polarization resistance of 43.8 kΩ.cm2, showing that the two techniques have a great potential for improving the surface characteristics of the EB-PBF-built Alloy 718 parts.
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| 2. |
- Zhang, Pimin, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of surface finish on the initial oxidation of HVAF-sprayed NiCoCrAlY coatings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - Elsevier : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 364, s. 43-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxide scale formed on HVAF-sprayed NiCoCrAlY coatings and the effect of surface treatment were investigated by a multi-approach study combining photo-stimulated luminescence, microstructural observation and mass gain. The initial oxidationbehaviour of as-sprayed, polished and shot-peened coatings at 1000 °C is studied. Both polished and shot-peened coatings exhibited superior performance due to rapid formation of α-Al2O3 fully covering the coating and suppressing the growth of transient alumina, assisted by a high density of α-Al2O3 nuclei on surface treatment induced defects. Moreover, the fast development of a two-layer alumina scale consisting of an inward-grown inner α-Al2O3 layer and an outer layer transformed from outward-grown transient alumina resulted in a higher oxide growth rate of the as-sprayed coating.
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| 3. |
- Alehojat, Mobin, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Electron beam-powder bed fusion of Alloy 718 : Effect of hot isostatic pressing and thermal spraying on microstructural characteristics and oxidation performance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alloy 718 manufactured via electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) was coated with a thermally- sprayed NiCoCrAlY coating for enhanced oxidation protection. A high-velocity air fuel technique was used to deposit the coating. The specimens were then subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Oxidation of the specimens was undertaken in an ambient air environment at 650 and 800 °C for 168 h. The oxidation performance of EB-PBF-built Alloy 718 was improved after the deposition of the coating, particularly at 800 °C. In this temperature, a thick Cr-rich oxide scale was found on the uncoated Alloy 718 specimen, whereas a thin and stable Al-rich oxide scale was formed on the surface of the coated specimen. HIPing enhanced the oxidation resistance of uncoated Alloy 718; however, the oxidation behavior of coated Alloy 718 was negatively affected by HIPing. © 2020 The Authors
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| 4. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1991, et al.
(författare)
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High-Temperature Corrosion of HVAF-Sprayed Ni-Based Coatings for Boiler Applications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Oxidation of Metals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4889 .- 0030-770X. ; 91:5-6, s. 729-747
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigates the initial corrosion behaviour of HVAF-sprayed NiCr, NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings in two different environments, O 2 + H 2 O and O 2 + H 2 O + KCl at 600 °C for up to 168 h in order to evaluate the possibility of utilizing such coatings in biomass- and waste-fired boilers. SEM/EDX analysis showed that all coatings displayed a protective behaviour in O 2 + H 2 O. Upon addition of KCl (O 2 + H 2 O + KCl), the corrosion behaviour of the NiCr coating drastically changed as it formed a thick oxide layer and displayed major chlorine diffusion down to the substrate. The NiCrAlY coating displayed a significantly better corrosion resistance with only minor oxide formation. The NiAl coating exhibited a protective behaviour similar to when exposed in the absence of KCl indicating that a thin protective oxide has formed on the coating surface. The performance of the NiAl and NiCrAlY coatings is promising for future studies with long-term exposures in more corrosive environments such as in a biomass- and waste-fired boiler.
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| 5. |
- Jafari, Reza, et al.
(författare)
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High-temperature corrosion performance of HVAF-sprayed NiCr, NiAl, and NiCrAlY coatings with alkali sulfate/chloride exposed to ambient air
- 2019
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Ingår i: Corrosion Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-938X .- 1879-0496. ; 160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high-temperature corrosion of high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) thermal spray Ni21Cr, Ni5Al, and Ni21Cr7AlY coatings was investigated at 600 °C for 168 h in ambient air under KCl and 50-50 mol% KCl–K2SO4 salts. Chlorination-oxidation cycle and breakdown of the corrosion products layer were the dominant corrosion mechanism in the chromia-forming Ni21Cr and Ni21Cr7AlY coatings exposed to KCl. KCl–K2SO4 was less corrosive to the chromia-forming coatings as K2SO4 was less reactive to the protective Cr-rich oxide. The alumina-forming NiAl exhibited a better corrosion performance under KCl, though it partially suffered from selective sulfidation when exposed to the mixed salt. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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| 6. |
- Karimi Neghlani, Paria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition in powder bed fusion via mimicking casting solidification and promoting in situ recrystallization
- 2021
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Ingår i: Additive Manufacturing. - : ELSEVIER. - 2214-8604 .- 2214-7810. ; 46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Columnar grain structure typically formed along the build direction in the electron beam-powder bed fusion (EBPBF) technique leads to anisotropic physical and mechanical properties. In this study, casting solidification condition was mimicked, and in situ recrystallization was promoted in EB-PBF to facilitate columnar-to-equiaxed grain structure transition in Alloy 718. This is achieved via a unique linear melting strategy coupled with a specific selection of process parameters in EB-PBF. It was found that site-specific melting using line order number (LON) function affected the cooling rate and temperature gradient, which controlled grain morphology and texture. A high LON resulted in a large equiaxed grain zone with a random texture, whereas a fixed LON with a high areal energy density led to a strong texture. The main driving force in the formation of cracks and shrinkage defects during the transition was investigated. A high LON at a fixed areal energy density reduced the average total shrinkage defects and crack length. The hardness was decreased through the transition, which was linked to the reduction in the size of the gamma ‘’ precipitates.
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| 7. |
- Karimi Neghlani, Paria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Contour design to improve topographical and microstructural characteristics of Alloy 718 manufactured by electron beam-powder bed fusion technique
- 2020
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Ingår i: Additive Manufacturing. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-8604 .- 2214-7810. ; 32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are being frequently used in industry as they allow the manufacture ofcomplex parts with reduced lead times. Electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) as an AM technology isknown for its near-net-shape production capacity with low residual stress. However, the surface quality andgeometrical accuracy of the manufactured parts are major obstacles for the wider industrial adoption of thistechnology, especially when enhanced mechanical performance is taken into consideration. Identifying theorigins of surface features such as satellite particles and sharp valleys on the parts manufactured by EB-PBF isimportant for a better understanding of the process and its capability. Moreover, understanding the influence ofthe contour melting strategy, by altering process parameters, on the surface roughness of the parts and thenumber of near-surface defects is highly critical. In this study, processing parameters of the EB-PBF techniquesuch as scanning speed, beam current, focus offset, and number of contours (one or two) with the linear meltingstrategy were investigated. A sample manufactured using Arcam-recommended process parameters (threecontours with the spot melting strategy) was used as a reference. For the samples with one contour, the scanningspeed had the greatest effect on the arithmetical mean height (Sa), and for the samples with two contours, thebeam current and focus offset had the greatest effect. For the samples with two contours, a lower focus offset andlower scan speed (at a higher beam current) resulted in a lower Sa; however, increasing the scan speed for thesamples with one contour decreased Sa. In general, the samples with two contours provided a lower Sa (∼22 %)but with slightly higher porosity (∼8 %) compared to the samples with one contour. Fewer defects were detected with a lower scanning speed and higher beam current. The number of defects and the Sa value for thesamples with two contours manufactured using the linear melting strategy were ∼85 % and 16 %, respectively,lower than those of the reference samples manufactured using the spot melting strategy.
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| 8. |
- Karimi Neghlani, Paria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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EBM-manufactured single tracks of Alloy 718 : Influence of energy input and focus offset on geometrical and microstructural characteristics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 148, s. 88-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron beam melting-powder bed fusion (EBM-PBF) is an additive manufacturing process, which is able to produce parts in layer-by-layer fashion from a 3D model data. Currently application of this technology in parts manufacturing with high geometrical complexity has acquired growing interest in industry. To recommend the EBM process into industry for manufacturing parts, improved mechanical properties of final part must be obtained. Such properties highly depend on individual single melted track and single layer. In EBM, interactions between the electron beam, powder, and solid underlying layer affect the geometrical (e.g., re-melt depth, track width, contact angle, and track height) and microstructural (e.g., grain structure, and primary dendrite arm spacing) characteristics of the melted tracks. The core of the present research was to explore the influence of linear energy input parameters in terms of beam scanning speed, beam current as well as focus offset and their interactions on the geometry and microstructure of EBM-manufactured single tracks of Alloy 718. Increased scanning speed led to lower linear energy input values (<0.9 J/mm) in an specific range of the focus offset (0–10 mA) which resulted in instability, and discontinuity of the single tracks as well as balling effect. Decreasing the scanning speed and increasing the beam current resulted in higher melt pool depth and width. By statistical evaluations, the most influencing parameters on the geometrical features were primarily the scanning speed, and secondly the beam current. Primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) slightly decreased by increasing the scanning speed using lower beam current values as the linear energy input decreased. By increasing the linear energy input, the chance of more equiaxed grain formation was high, however, at lower linear energy input, mainly columnar grains were observed. The lower focus offset values resulted in more uniform grains along the 〈001〉 crystallographic direction.
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| 9. |
- Karimi Neghlani, Paria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of build location on microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of EB-PBF built Alloy 718
- 2020
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0268-3768 .- 1433-3015. ; 106:7-8, s. 3597-3607
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron beam-powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), a high-temperature additive manufacturing (AM) technique, shows great promise in the production of high-quality metallic parts in different applications such as the aerospace industry. To achieve a higher build efficiency, it is ideal to build multiple parts together with as low spacing as possible between the respective parts. In the EB-PBF technique, there are many unknown variations in microstructural characteristics and functional performance that could be induced as a result of the location of the parts on the build plate, gaps between the parts and part geometry, etc. In the present study, the variations in the microstructure and corrosion performance as a function of the parts location on the build plate in the EB-PBF process were investigated. The microstructural features were correlated with the thermal history of the samples built in different locations on the build plate, including exterior (the outermost), middle (between the outermost and innermost), and interior (the innermost) regions. The cubic coupons located in the exterior regions showed increased level (~ 20 %) of defects (mainly in the form of shrinkage pores) and lower level (~ 30-35 %) of Nb-rich phase fraction due to their higher cooling rates compared to the interior and middle samples. Electrochemical investigations showed that the location indirectly had a substantial influence on the corrosion behavior, verified by a significant increase in polarization resistance (Rp) from the exterior (2.1 ± 0.3 kΩ.cm2) to interior regions (39.2 ± 4.1 kΩ.cm2). © 2020, The Author(s).
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| 10. |
- Karimi Neghlani, Paria, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of build layout and orientation on microstructural characteristics of electron beam melted Alloy 718
- 2018
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0268-3768 .- 1433-3015. ; 99:S1, s. 2903-2913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effects of build layout and orientation consisting of (a) height from the build plate (Z-axis), (b) distance between samples, and (c) location in the build plate (X-Y plane) on porosity, NbC fraction, and hardness in electron beam melted (EBM) Alloy 718 were studied. The as-built samples predominantly showed columnar structure with strong Ë‚001˃ crystallographic orientation parallel to the build direction, as well as NbC and ÎŽ-phase in inter-dendrites and grain boundaries. These microstructural characteristics were correlated with the thermal history, specifically cooling rate, resulted from the build layout and orientation parameters. The hardness and NbC fraction of the samples increased around 6% and 116%, respectively, as the height increased from 2 to 45 mm. Moreover, by increasing the height, formation of ÎŽ-phase was also enhanced associated with lower cooling rate in the samples built with a greater distance from the build plate. However, the porosity fraction was unaffected. Increasing the sample gap from 2 to 10 mm did not change the NbC fraction and hardness; however, the porosity fraction increased by 94%. The sample location in the build chamber influenced the porosity fraction, particularly in interior and exterior areas of the build plate. The hardness and NbC fraction were not dependent on the sample location in the build chamber. © 2018, The Author(s).
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