| 1. |
- Tanner, Marie, 1965-
(författare)
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Lärarens väg genom klassrummet : Lärande och skriftspråkande i bänkinteraktioner på mellanstadiet
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation takes an interest in learning and literacy in everyday interaction in the middle year classroom. It is based on a view of learning as emically construed in social interaction. Conversation Analysis (CA) and the concept of epistemic stance are used as a theoretical framing for describing in what way, and with what verbal and non-verbal resources, learning is achieved in desk interaction, i.e. when students work individually at their desks while the teacher moves around to support them. Almost without exceptions, these interactions involve the use of texts. Hence, they are viewed as situated literacy events that are part of the institutionally shaped literacy practices as described in the field of New Literacy Studies.The empirical data for this study comes from a video-ethnographic study in two middle year classrooms in grade four and five. Out of a total of 70 hours of video documentation, a selection of interrelated desk interactions was made. These were analyzed as learning trajectories and compared from two perspectives. Firstly, learning trajectories when a teacher repeatedly interacts with the same student about the same learning content were analyzed. Secondly, the changes in the teacher’s epistemic stance when interacting with different students about the same learning content in repeated desk interactions were studied.The analysis shows that the teacher’s trajectories through the classroom build infrastructures for learning, enabling differentiation between students within the constraints and possibilities of evolving routines. Learning in desk interaction mainly relies on the use of text references to index previously shared knowledge. Epistemic topicalizations and recurring semiotic fields are shown to be crucial resources for both maintaining and changing the epistemic stance of the participants towards the learning content constituted in interaction. A conclusion is that the shared experiences of teachers and students in collective literacy events serve as important resources for learning in individual desk interaction.
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| 2. |
- Björk-Willén, Polly, 1952-
(författare)
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Lära och leka med flera språk : Socialt samspel i flerspråkig förskola
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att studera barns sociala samspel med varandra och med vuxna i en flerspråkig förskolekontext. Mer specifikt studeras barnens språkanvändning i lek och i lärarledda aktiviteter, och hur barnen använder andra semiotiska resurser än språk för att åstadkomma deltagande i förskolans olika sammanhang. Studien belyser i också hur dessa kombineras och koordineras med tal. Avhandlingen består av ett mindre videomaterial från en australiensisk flerspråkig förskola och ett mer omfattande från en svensk flerspråkig förskola. Analytiskt och teoretiskt är avhandlingen influerad av ett etnometodologiskt perspektiv på socialt handlande, och konversationsanalys (CA) har tjänat som ett metodologiskt analysredskap. Det innebär att detaljerade transkriptioner och analyser av barnens sociala samspel har genomförts.Avhandlingens resultat presenteras i tre studier. Den första artikeln visar vilka samspelsresurser och pedagogiska rutiner som barn använder och gör synliga när de för in pedagogisk erfarenhet i sin lek. Den andra studien belyser framförallt olika interaktionella fenomen ('skuggning' och olika former av språkaiternering), som barnen använder och kombinerar med icke-verbala resurser för att få tillträde till eller upprätthålla lek. Den tredje studien poängterar rutiners betydelse för deltagande i lärarledda aktiviteter och synliggör att det sällan är språkliga missförstånd i sig, utan lärarnas avvikelser från förväntade rutiner i kända aktiviteter som kan försvåra barnens deltagande.Sammantaget visar studierna att barns språkbruk i flerspråkig förskolemiljö är en praktisk och situerad angelägenhet, där flerspråkigheten blir en av flera multimodala resurser som barn använder rör att delta i förskolans vardag. Detta studium av faktisk språkanvändning i förskolans praktiker synliggör de interaktionella rutiner som bidrar till barns socialisering och språklärande.
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| 3. |
- Grunditz, Sofia, 1973-
(författare)
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Små barns sociala liv på vilan : Om deltagande och ordningsskapande i förskolan
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines how very young children (1-3 years) organize participation during naptime, a recurrent activity of everyday life in preschools. Focus is on how these children practice their social and cultural understandings of the local order and thus establish various local orders as part of how they shape their peer cultures and the routines of the naptime. An ethnomethodological and conversation analytic (EM/CA) perspective is used to explore the organisation of the local orders oriented to by the children in their participation during naptime. A special interest is directed at how small children use embodied actions and various semiotic resources as they actively take part in this preschool routine.The data, collected during fieldwork with participant observations, consist of video recordings and field notes. The recordings are analysed using EM/CA methods, including detailed attention to embodied features of interaction along with spatial and material arrangements. Transcriptions of interaction comprise representations of both verbal and visual aspects, e.g. gestures, gaze and movement through the room.The study shows that naptime involves more than sleep. It is demonstrated how very young children, through interaction with each other and the pedagogues, are active agents in sustaining, creating, re-creating and challenging the local orders of naptime. Through embodied actions and the use of various semiotic resources, the children are able to create time and space for their own peer cultures within this institutional routine. Overall, the study sheds light on the sophisticated ways in which very young children use their knowledge of cultural and institutional routines – the spatial organisation of sleep mattresses, artefacts (e.g. blankets, pacifiers and soft toys) and the sequential structures of the naptime – to constitute spaces for play and joyful interaction with peers and pedagogues. In spite of their sometimes limited vocal language, these very young children are able to use a variety of semiotic resources to constitute their own social life within naptime, often through secondary adjustments to institutional and adult structured order.
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| 4. |
- Gynne, Annaliina, 1980-
(författare)
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Languaging and Social Positioning in Multilingual School Practices : Studies of Sweden Finnish Middle School Years
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of the thesis is to examine young people’s languaging, including literacy practices, and its relation to meaning-making and social positioning. Framed by sociocultural and dialogical perspectives, the thesis builds upon four studies that arise from (n)ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two different settings: an institutional educational setting where bilingualism and biculturalism are core values, and social media settings.In the empirical studies, micro-level interactions, practices mediated by languaging and literacies, social positionings and meso-level discourses as well as their intertwinedness have been explored and discussed. The data, analysed through adapted conversational and discourse analytical methods, include video and audio recordings, field notes, pedagogic materials, policy documents, photographs as well as (n)ethnographic data.Study I illuminates the doing of linguistic-cultural ideologies and policies in everyday pedagogical practices and focuses on situated and distributed social actions as nexuses of several practices where a number of locally and nationally relevant discourses circulate. In Study II, the focus is on everyday communicative practices on the micro and meso levels and the interrelations of different linguistic varieties and modalities in the bilingual-bicultural educational setting. Study III highlights young people’s languaging, including literacies, in everyday learning practices that stretch across formal and informal learning spaces. Study IV examines social positioning and identity work in informal and heteroglossic literacy practices across the offline-online continuum. Consequently, the four studies map the kinds of languaging practices young people are engaged in both inside and outside of what are labelled as bilingual school settings. Furthermore, the studies highlight the kinds of social positions they perform and are oriented towards in the course of their everyday lives.Overall, the findings of the thesis highlight issues of bilingualism as pedagogy and practice, the (un)problematicity of multilingualism across space and time and multilingual-multimodal languaging as a premise for social positioning. Together, the studies and the thesis form a descriptive-analytical illustration of “multilingual” young people’s everyday lives in and out of school in late modern societies of the global North. Overall, the thesis provides insights concerning the education and lives of a large, yet sparsely documented minority group in Sweden, i.e. the Sweden Finns.
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| 5. |
- Melander, Helen, 1967-
(författare)
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Trajectories of Learning : Embodied Interaction in Change
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is about learning as changing understanding in social and situated activities. It takes part in the development of a reconceptualization of learning initiated within participationist perspectives. Multiparty interaction in situated activities is a primordial site for the exploration of human action and cognition. Through the theoretical framework of Conversation Analysis (CA), a method for the analysis and description of trajectories of learning is proposed. Departing from a view of learning, interaction, and cognition as closely related, learning is argued as gradually changing understanding in situated activities. The empirical material consists of video recordings from an elementary school and pilot training. The recordings are analyzed using CA methods, including detailed attention to embodied features of interaction. The analyses focus the development of trajectories of learning through the participants’ orientations. The trajectories are based on topicalizations and co-constructions of contents of learning, where interactional organization and content are interrelated. Participants are shown to make relevant relations between past, present, and future actions and material settings, and their ways of aligning and resisting participation and change are explored. A framework for the analysis of learning as embodied interaction in change is developed. The dissertation shows the fruitfulness of CA work for the understanding of learning processes. The results underline the importance of including embodied action, as constitutive of the co-constructions of contents, into learning studies. The value of highlighting learning as co-construction and of anchoring the analyses in the participants’ orientations is underscored. The results further the understanding of how people learn, and of how they make relevant knowledge and experiences in activity. The understanding of learning and change as action, which can be initiated, aligned with and resisted, opens up for future developments within CA, where learning researchers might be able to describe more precisely how human learning is constituted.
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| 6. |
- Nordzell, Anita, 1955-
(författare)
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Samtalat skolledarskap : kategoriserings- och identitetsarbete i interaktion
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att visa hur skolorganisation, skolledning och skolledaridentiteter produceras, formas och omformas i samtalad interaktion samt att visa vilka diskursiva metoder som de samtalande använder för att bygga upp sina begrepp och kategorier och samtidigt göra dem socialt acceptabla i sitt sammanhang. Jag har tagit teoretisk och analytisk utgångspunkt i etnometodologi, socialkonstruktionism och kategoriseringsanalys. Det empiriska materialet består av inspelade ledningsgruppsmöten, som transkriberats noggrant, från en grundskola och två gymnasieskolor, samt intervjuer med tre skolledare.De empiriska studierna presenteras i fyra delstudier, där delstudie I visar hur intervjuare och intervjuad gemensamt bygger upp relevanta ategorier med hjälp av bland annat tidsbegrepp. I delstudie II analyseras hur skolledare i ett arbetslagsledarmöte gemensamt skapar den lokalt producerade organisationen-i-handling. Delstudie III fokuserar hur citeringar av sig själv och andra används i mötessamtal för att forma kategorier och delstudie IV inriktas mot att se hur deltagarna i de probleminriktade samtalen orienterar emot teamet och hur ’vi’ som grupp formas.I samtliga delstudier fokuseras hur kategoriserandet samtidigt är identitetsskapande. De samtalande framställer sig själva som bland annat problemlösare, nytänkare, förändrare och annorlunda än ’de andra’. Kategoriseringsarbete har visat sig ha stor betydelse för interaktionen och identitetsarbete är en viktig del av det som sker i mötessamtal. Skolledning framstår som bland annat gemensamt producerat och inte enbart som ett heroiskt ensamarbete. Tal och samtal kan beskrivas som en viktig del av och i ledningsarbetet.
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