| 1. |
- Crispin, Xavier, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic delocalization in discotic liquid crystals : A joint experimental and theoretical study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 126:38, s. 11889-11899
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Discotic liquid crystals emerge as very attractive materials for organic-based (opto)electronics as they allow efficient charge and energy transport along self-organized molecular columns. Here, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) is used to investigate the electronic structure and supramolecular organization of the discotic molecule, hexakis(hexylthio)diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, deposited on graphite. The ARUPS data reveal significant changes in the electronic properties when going from disordered to columnar phases, the main feature being a decrease in ionization potential by 1.8 eV following the appearance of new electronic states at low binding energy. This evolution is rationalized by quantum-chemical calculations performed on model stacks containing from two to six molecules, which illustrate the formation of a quasi-band structure with Bloch-like orbitals delocalized over several molecules in the column. The ARUPS data also point to an energy dispersion of the upper π-bands in the columns by some 1.1 eV, therefore highlighting the strongly delocalized nature of the π-electrons along the discotic stacks.
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| 2. |
- De Cupere, V., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of interfaces on the alignment of a discotic liquid-crystalline phthalocyanine
- 2006
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 22:18, s. 7798-7806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the influence of the nature and number of solid interfaces on the alignment of the columns in a semiconducting discotic liquid crystal. The solid substrates have been characterized in terms of their roughness and surface energy. The alignment of the discotic liquid crystal columns on these substrates has been determined by optical microscopy under crossed polarizers and by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. The nature of the substrates has negligible influence on the alignment. The key parameter is the confinement imposed to the film. These surprising observations are explained by the antagonist alignment role of gas and solid interfaces. © 2006 American Chemical Society.
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| 3. |
- Lindell, Linda, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of the interface dipole at the paraphenylenediamine-nickel interface : A joint theoretical and experimental study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 122:8, s. 84712-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In organic-based (opto)electronic devices, charge injection into conjugated materials is governed to a large extent by the metal-organic interface dipole. Controlling the injection of charges requires a better understanding of the fundamental origin of the interface dipole. In this context, photoelectron spectroscopies and density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the interaction between para-phenylenediamine (PPDA), an electron donor, and a polycrystalline nickel surface. The interface dipole formed upon chemisorption of one PPDA monolayer strongly modifies the work function of the nickel surface from 5.10 to 3.55 eV. The work function decrease of 1.55 eV is explained by the electron-donor character of PPDA and the modification of the electronic density at the metal surface. PPDA monolayers are composed of tilted molecules interacting via the nitrogen lone-pair and PPDA molecules chemisorbed parallel to the surface via their π-electron density. Annealing the monolayer leads to dehydrogenation of PPDA activated by the nickel surface, as found for other amines.
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| 4. |
- Oehzelt, M., et al.
(författare)
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Crystallographic and morphological characterization of thin pentacene films on polycrystalline copper surfaces
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 124:5, s. 54711-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The degree of crystallinity, the structure and orientation of crystallites, and the morphology of thin pentacene films grown by vapor deposition in an ultrahigh vacuum environment on polycrystalline copper substrates have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and tapping-mode scanning force microscopy (TM-SFM). Depending on the substrate temperature during deposition, very different results are obtained: While at 77 K a long-range order is missing, the films become crystalline at elevated temperatures. From a high-resolution x-ray-diffraction profile analysis, the volume-weighted size of the crystallites perpendicular to the film surface could be determined. This size of the crystallites increases strongly upon changing temperature between room temperature and 333 K, at which point the size of individual crystallites typically exceeds 100 nm. In this temperature region, three different polymorphs are identified. The vast majority of crystallites have a fiber texture with the (001) net planes parallel to the substrate. In this geometry, the molecules are oriented standing up on the substrate (end-on arrangement). This alignment is remarkably different from that on single-crystalline metal surfaces, indicating that the growth is not epitaxial. Additionally, TM-SFM images show needlelike structures which suggest the presence of at least one additional orientation of crystallites (flat-on or edge-on). These results indicate that properties of thin crystalline pentacene films prepared on technologically relevant polycrystalline metal substrates for fast electronic applications may be compromised by the simultaneous presence of different local molecular aggregation states at all temperatures. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
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| 5. |
- Braun, Slawomir, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of the electrode work function on the energy level alignment at organic-organic interfaces
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 91:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy level alignment at interfaces, in stacks comprising of (4, 4′ -N, N′ -dicarbazolyl-biphenyl) (CBP), (4,4, 4″ -tris[3-methyl-phenyl(phenyl)amino]-triphenylamine) (m -MTDATA), and a conductive substrate, has been studied. We show that the alignment of energy levels depends on the equilibration of the chemical potential throughout the layer stack, while any electronic coupling between the individual layers is of lesser importance. This behavior is expected to occur for a broad class of weakly interacting interfaces and can have profound consequences for the design of organic electronic devices. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.
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| 6. |
- Crispin, Annica, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Transition between energy level alignment regimes at a low band gap polymer-electrode interfaces
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 89:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy level alignment at interfaces between a low band gap conjugated polymer and various electrodes is investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. When the electrode work function is lower (higher) than the negative (positive) polaronic level of the polymer, the Fermi level is pinned to the negative (positive) polaronic level. These Fermi level pinning regimes suggest a spontaneous electron transfer from or towards the electrode resulting in an interfacial dipole of different orientation. On the contrary, when the substrate work function is intermediate, there is no charge transfer and the energy level alignment across the interface follows the Schottky-Mott limit. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
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| 7. |
- Crispin, Xavier, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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The origin of the high conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) plastic electrodes
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 18:18, s. 4354-4360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of printed and flexible (opto)electronics requires specific materials for the device's electrodes. Those materials must satisfy a combination of properties. They must be electrically conducting, transparent, printable, and flexible. The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) - poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) is known as a promising candidate. Its conductivity can be increased by 3 orders of magnitude by the secondary dopant diethylene glycol (DEG). This "secondary doping" phenomenon is clarified in a combined photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy investigation. PEDOT-PSS appears to form a three-dimensional conducting network explaining the improvement of its electrical property upon addition of DEG. Polymer light emitting diodes are successfully fabricated using the transparent plastic PEDOT-PSS electrodes instead of the traditionally used indium tin oxide. © 2006 American Chemical Society.
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| 8. |
- de Jong, Michel P, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Orbital-specific dynamic charge transfer from Fe(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin molecules to molybdenum disulfide substrates
- 2005
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 72:3, s. 35448-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Orbital-specific femtosecond charge transfer dynamics between Fe(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin molecules and semimetallic molybdenum disulfide substrates is investigated using core-level resonant photoemission spectroscopy. The electronic coupling to the substrate and the efficiency of charge transport across the interface is found to be different for the individual molecular electronic subsystems. In particular, electrons excited at the phenyl substituents are transferred within 3–6 fs, while hopping from the porphyrin ring is slower than 30 fs.
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| 9. |
- Jönsson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Photoelectron spectroscopy of the contact between the cathode and the active layers in plastic solar cells : the role of LiF
- 2005
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Ingår i: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. - 0021-4922 .- 1347-4065. ; 44:6A, s. 3695-3701
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The surfaces and electrode interfaces of a polymer blend used in prototype solar cells have been characterized with photoelectron spectroscopy. The polymer blend in question is a 1:4 mixture of APFO-3:PCBM. Based on surface analysis of the pristine film we can conclude that the surface of the blend is a 1:1 mixture of APFO-3 and PCBM. The electrode systems studied are the widely used Al and Al/LiF contacts. LiF prevents formation at the Al/organic interface of Al-organic complexes that destroy the π-conjugation. In addition to this, there are two other beneficial, thickness dependent, effects. Decomposition of LiF occurs for thin enough layers in which the LiF species are in contact with both the organic film and the Al atoms, which creates a low workfunction contact. For thicker (multi)layers, the dipole formed at the LiF/organic interface is retained as no decomposition of the LiF occurs upon Al deposition.
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| 10. |
- Jönsson, Stina, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Photoemission of Alq3 and C60 films on Al and LiF/Al substrates
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 98:1, s. 14901-14907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photoemission studies of thin films of Alq3 and C60 deposited on Al and LiF/Al substrates have been performed in order to deduce the interactions of the organic films with the substrates. For all cases there is evidence of strong interaction resulting in the formation of interfacial dipoles. Attempts to explain the origin of these interfacial dipoles and the type of interface formed in each case have been done through analysis of the valence electronic structure and core levels of the materials. The origin of the interfacial dipoles is mainly covalent interaction when the organic films are deposited on Al substrates, and charge transfer between the organic molecules and the metal through the LiF sandwich layer when the organic films are deposited on LiF/Al substrates. For thick-enough LiF films, however, there is no interaction between the organic films and the substrates. In no case does the LiF dissociate, unlike what is found for the reverse order of deposition. Two charge-transfer-induced gap states are found for (sub)monolayer films of Alq3 deposited on LiF/Al. We propose that the formation of two gap states corresponds to negatively charged fac-Alq3.
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