| 1. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
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Greywater treatment in a green wall using different filter materials and hydraulic loading rates
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green walls in urban environments can be both an aesthetic feature and be of practical use in greywater treatment. This study evaluates the effect of different loading rates (4.5 l/d, 9 l/d, and 18 l/d) on the efficiency of treating actual greywater from a city district in a pilot-scale green wall with five different filter materials as substrates (biochar, pumice, hemp fiber, spent coffee grounds (SCG), and composted fiber soil (CFS)). Three cool climate plant species, Carex nigra, Juncus compressus, and Myosotis scorpioides, were chosen for the green wall. The following parameters were evaluated: biological oxygen demand (BOD), fractions of organic carbon, nutrients, indicator bacteria, surfactants, and salt. Three of the five materials investigated – biochar, pumice, and CFS - showed promising treatment efficiencies. The respective overall reduction efficiencies of BOD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 99%, 75%, and 57% for biochar; 96%, 58%, and 61% for pumice; and 99%, 82% and 85% for CFS. BOD was stable in the biochar filter material with effluent concentrations of 2 mg/l across all investigated loading rates. However, higher loading rates had a significantly negative effect on hemp and pumice for BOD. Interestingly, the highest loading rate (18 l/d) flowing over pumice removed the highest levels of TN (80%) and TP (86%). Biochar was the most effective material in removing indicator bacteria, with a 2.2–4.0 Log10 reduction for E. coli and enterococci. SCG was the least efficient material, giving a higher BOD in the effluent than in the influent. Therefore, this study presents the potential of natural and waste-derived filter materials to treat greywater effectively and the results can contribute to the future development of nature-based greywater treatment and management practices in urban areas.
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| 2. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
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On-site greywater treatment systems - influent and effluent quality
- 2023
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Annan publikationabstract
- The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent and effluent greywater from eight on-site greywater treatment systems situated in Södertälje municipality, Sweden. These on-site treatment systems included three types of commercially available package plants and one sand filter. The influent and effluent samples were taken as grab samples between August 2020 and December 2021 and analysed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and (for two of the eight on-site systems) microplastics. Supporting parameters, e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included.This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the on-site greywater treatment systems and to assess the suitability of the treated water for reuse.
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| 3. |
- Sami, Mashreki
(författare)
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Performance of on-site systems and a green wall for greywater treatment
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Greywater contains inorganic and organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, micropollutants and microplastics. Source-separated greywater using decentralized systems can potentially provide energy-efficient and low-maintenance treatment. If effectively treated, greywater could be a source for non-potable water use in for instance urban landscaping or agricultural irrigation. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the treatment efficiencies of two different types of decentralized greywater treatment systems: a) on-site package plants and b) a nature-based solution (NBS) - green wall. These two different treatment systems were assessed based on their removal efficiency of organic matter (BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics.The study of the on-site package plants investigated eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D). Systems types A-C were commercially available and type D was an onsite built sand filter. The treatment unit of type A consisted of a trickling filter fitted with geotextile resting on a sand filter bed. The treatment unit of type B included a fibrous mineral wool filter material while type C contained a series of fine-meshed plastic filters. Prior to types A, B and D, septic tanks were located to contribute with pre-treatment, whereas type C, the smallest system investigated, included a septic tank within the treatment unit. >90% removal of organic matter (BOD and COD) was achieved by types A and D, but the N removal was comparatively higher by type B (44-68%). Effective P removal was only observed in type D (56%). However, the effluent concentration from all the systems was <3mg/l. The treatment efficiency of type C was found to be relatively low.In the green wall study, the efficiency of five filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground (SCG) and compost fiber soil) were evaluated with regards to hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) (4.5, 9, and 18 l/d). The treatment efficiency varied significantly with materials and HLRs. Biochar consistently removed 99% of BOD for all HLRs. High N removal (>80%) was observed by pumice and biochar during the high HLR (18 l/d). However, P removal by hemp was comparatively higher (75-85%) than by biochar and pumice. SCG and compost soil was tested with only 4.5 l/d, where compost soil showed effective treatment of BOD (99%), N (82%) and P (85%). SCG was the least effective material releasing more organics and nutrients in the effluent. Both the studies showed high concentration (>105 cfu/100 ml) of E. coli and enterococci in the influent and effluent greywater. The treatment systems were in general not effective in removing E.coli and enterococci. The most efficient system was the sand filter (D), achieving 1.4-3.8 log10 E.coli reduction and 2.3-3.3 log10 reduction for enterococci. Biochar achieved similar removal at HRL 4.5 l/d. Using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GCMS) technique, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, poly-ethylene-terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide 6 were detected in the influent and effluent greywater in both studies. Even though there was variability in the influent concentrations, low concentrations were observed in the effluents, suggesting the systems were effective in retaining the microplastics.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
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Quality of greywater from a city district before and after treatment in a green wall
- 2023
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Annan publikationabstract
- The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent greywater generated from a city district with 800 PE (population equivalent) and the effluent quality of greywater after treatment using a green wall. Five natural filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground, and composted fiber soil) were used in the green wall and tested for three hydraulic loading rates (54, 108 and 216 l/m2/d). The influent and effluent samples were taken manually between November 2021 and March 2022 and were analyzed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and microplastics. Supporting parameters e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included in the dataset. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included. This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the filter materials at different hydraulic loading rates.
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| 6. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
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Removal of Microplastics from Greywater Using a Green Wall Treatment System
- 2022
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Ingår i: 17th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control: Conference Proceedings. ; , s. 505-508
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A green wall with four filter media - pumice, biochar, hemp, and compost soil - was investigated with regard to the removal of microplastics from real greywater. Nine polymers were analysed using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS). The results showed the presence of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), poly-ethylene-terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA) in the influents and effluents. High concentration of PS (22 μg/l) and PET (73 μg/l) were observed in the influent but were removed efficiently in the green wall with effluent concentrations of <2 μg/l from all filter materials except for hemp. The effluent from one hemp replicate showed higher concentrations of PVC (58 μg/l) and PET (114 μg/l) than the influent. During the sampling period, all filter materials removed TSS, BOD and TOC by >90%.
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| 7. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of greywater and presence of microplastics in on-site systems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D) were investigated. Three were commercially available package plants (A–C) and one was a conventional sand filter (D). The treatment unit of Type A consisted of a geotextile-fitted trickling filter and a sand filter bottom layer, the Type B consisted of packs of fibrous mineral wool filter materials, and the Type C consisted of a fine-meshed plastic filter. The treatment systems were assessed in terms of their removal efficiency for organic matter (e.g. BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics. Systems A and D effectively reduced organic matter by >96% BOD, >94% COD and >90% TOC. Their effluent BOD was <29 mg/l. The BOD reduction in the treatment facilities of types B and C was in the range of 70–95%. Removal of anionic surfactants was >90% with effluent concentration <1 mg/l in all facilities. In general, the treatment systems were ineffective in removing E. coli and enterococci; the most efficient was the sand filter (type D), achieving 1.4–3.8 log10 for E. coli and 2.3–3.3 log10 for enterococci. Due to the high E. coli in the effluents, all the on-site systems were classified as Poor (score: 0–44) according to the water quality index (WQI) assessment. In two of the studied facilities, nine microplastic polymers were targeted (i.e. PVC, PS, PET, PE, PC, NG, PMMA, PP and PA6) and analyzed using the thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GCMS) technique. PVC, PS, PET and PA6 were commonly detected in the influent and effluent. The effluent quality from type A and D systems was found to comply with the European Commission’s guideline for the reuse of reclaimed water except for the indicator bacteria concentration.
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