| 1. |
- Bridel, Claire, et al.
(författare)
-
Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- 2019
-
Ingår i: JAMA Neurology. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6149 .- 2168-6157. ; 76:9, s. 1035-1048
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Importance Neurofilament light protein (NfL) is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a number of neurological conditions compared with healthy controls (HC) and is a candidate biomarker for neuroaxonal damage. The influence of age and sex is largely unknown, and levels across neurological disorders have not been compared systematically to date.Objectives To assess the associations of age, sex, and diagnosis with NfL in CSF (cNfL) and to evaluate its potential in discriminating clinically similar conditions.Data Sources PubMed was searched for studies published between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, reporting cNfL levels (using the search terms neurofilament light and cerebrospinal fluid) in neurological or psychiatric conditions and/or in HC.Study Selection Studies reporting NfL levels measured in lumbar CSF using a commercially available immunoassay, as well as age and sex.Data Extraction and Synthesis Individual-level data were requested from study authors. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the fixed effects of age, sex, and diagnosis on log-transformed NfL levels, with cohort of origin modeled as a random intercept.Main Outcome and Measure The cNfL levels adjusted for age and sex across diagnoses.Results Data were collected for 10 059 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [18.8] years; 54.1% female). Thirty-five diagnoses were identified, including inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (n = 2795), dementias and predementia stages (n = 4284), parkinsonian disorders (n = 984), and HC (n = 1332). The cNfL was elevated compared with HC in a majority of neurological conditions studied. Highest levels were observed in cognitively impaired HIV-positive individuals (iHIV), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Huntington disease. In 33.3% of diagnoses, including HC, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD), cNfL was higher in men than women. The cNfL increased with age in HC and a majority of neurological conditions, although the association was strongest in HC. The cNfL overlapped in most clinically similar diagnoses except for FTD and iHIV, which segregated from other dementias, and PD, which segregated from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.Conclusions and Relevance These data support the use of cNfL as a biomarker of neuroaxonal damage and indicate that age-specific and sex-specific (and in some cases disease-specific) reference values may be needed. The cNfL has potential to assist the differentiation of FTD from AD and PD from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bao, Qinye, et al.
(författare)
-
Trap-Assisted Recombination via Integer Charge Transfer States in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 24:40, s. 6309-6316
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic photovoltaics are under intense development and significant focus has been placed on tuning the donor ionization potential and acceptor electron affinity to optimize open circuit voltage. Here, it is shown that for a series of regioregular-poly(3-hexylthiophene): fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic devices with pinned electrodes, integer charge transfer states present in the dark and created as a consequence of Fermi level equilibrium at BHJ have a profound effect on open circuit voltage. The integer charge transfer state formation causes vacuum level misalignment that yields a roughly constant effective donor ionization potential to acceptor electron affinity energy difference at the donor-acceptor interface, even though there is a large variation in electron affinity for the fullerene series. The large variation in open circuit voltage for the corresponding device series instead is found to be a consequence of trap-assisted recombination via integer charge transfer states. Based on the results, novel design rules for optimizing open circuit voltage and performance of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells are proposed.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ekblom Bak, Elin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Accelerometer derived physical activity and subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis : cross-sectional analyses in 22 703 middle-aged men and women in the SCAPIS study
- 2023
-
Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 13:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: The aim included investigation of the associations between sedentary (SED), low-intensity physical activity (LIPA), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in both coronaries and carotids and the estimated difference in prevalence by theoretical reallocation of time in different PA behaviours.DESIGN: Cross-sectional.SETTING: Multisite study at university hospitals.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 22 670 participants without cardiovascular disease (51% women, 57.4 years, SD 4.3) from the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage study were included. SED, LIPA and MVPA were assessed by hip-worn accelerometer.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Any and significant subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (CA), Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS) and carotid atherosclerosis (CarA) were derived from imaging data from coronary CT angiography and carotid ultrasound.RESULTS: High daily SED (>70% ≈10.5 hours/day) associated with a higher OR 1.44 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.91), for significant CA, and with lower OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.95), for significant CarA. High LIPA (>55% ≈8 hours/day) associated with lower OR for significant CA 0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.96), and CACS, 0.71 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.97), but with higher OR for CarA 1.41 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.76). MVPA above reference level, >2% ≈20 min/day, associated with lower OR for significant CA (OR range 0.61-0.67), CACS (OR range 0.71-0.75) and CarA (OR range 0.72-0.79). Theoretical replacement of 30 min of SED into an equal amount of MVPA associated with lower OR for significant CA, especially in participants with high SED 0.84 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.96) or low MVPA 0.51 (0.36 to 0.73).CONCLUSIONS: MVPA was associated with a lower risk for significant atherosclerosis in both coronaries and carotids, while the association varied in strength and direction for SED and LIPA, respectively. If causal, clinical implications include avoiding high levels of daily SED and low levels of MVPA to reduce the risk of developing significant subclinical atherosclerosis.
|
|
| 4. |
- Ekström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Exertional breathlessness related to medical conditions in middle-aged people: the population-based SCAPIS study of more than 25,000 men and women.
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Respiratory research. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1465-993X .- 1465-9921. ; 25:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breathlessness is common in the population and can be related to a range of medical conditions. We aimed to evaluate the burden of breathlessness related to different medical conditions in a middle-aged population.Cross-sectional analysis of the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study of adults aged 50-64years. Breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC]≥2) was evaluated in relation to self-reported symptoms, stress, depression; physician-diagnosed conditions; measured body mass index (BMI), spirometry, venous haemoglobin concentration, coronary artery calcification and stenosis [computer tomography (CT) angiography], and pulmonary emphysema (high-resolution CT). For each condition, the prevalence and breathlessness population attributable fraction (PAF) were calculated, overall and by sex, smoking history, and presence/absence of self-reported cardiorespiratory disease.We included 25,948 people aged 57.5±[SD] 4.4; 51% women; 37% former and 12% current smokers; 43% overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9), 21% obese (BMI≥30); 25% with respiratory disease, 14% depression, 9% cardiac disease, and 3% anemia. Breathlessness was present in 3.7%. Medical conditions most strongly related to the breathlessness prevalence were (PAF 95%CI): overweight and obesity (59.6-66.0%), stress (31.6-76.8%), respiratory disease (20.1-37.1%), depression (17.1-26.6%), cardiac disease (6.3-12.7%), anemia (0.8-3.3%), and peripheral arterial disease (0.3-0.8%). Stress was the main factor in women and current smokers.Breathlessness mainly relates to overweight/obesity and stress and to a lesser extent to comorbidities like respiratory, depressive, and cardiac disorders among middle-aged people in a high-income setting-supporting the importance of lifestyle interventions to reduce the burden of breathlessness in the population.
|
|
| 5. |
- Gustin, Klara, et al.
(författare)
-
Mediation by Thyroid Hormone in the Relationships Between Gestational Exposure to Methylmercury and Birth Size
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Exposure and Health. - : Springer. - 2451-9685 .- 2451-9766. ; 16:2, s. 357-368
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our previous studies have linked gestational methylmercury exposure, originating from seafood, to changes in maternal thyroid hormones and infant birth size in a Swedish birth cohort. Herein we aimed to determine associations between maternal thyroid hormones and infant birth size and elucidate if maternal hormones could mediate the relationship between methylmercury and lower birth size. In 515 women, without known thyroid disease, we assessed metal exposure by erythrocyte mercury concentrations (mainly methylmercury, reflecting exposure over the past months) in early third trimester measured with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of total and free thyroxine (tT4 and fT4) and triiodothyronine (tT3 and fT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured at an accredited clinical laboratory. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, maternal tT3 (per 1 nmol/L increase) was positively associated with birth weight (B: 125 g; 95% CI 36, 214) and length (B: 0.59 cm; 95% CI 0.21, 0.97). Maternal fT4 was inversely associated with birth weight (B: − 33 g; 95% CI − 57, − 9.5), driven by obese women (n = 76). Causal mediation analyses suggested that a doubling of erythrocyte mercury (> 1 µg/kg; n = 374) was associated with a mean tT3-mediated decrease in birth weight of 11 g (95% CI − 25, − 1.6) and in birth length of 0.1 cm (95% CI − 0.12, − 0.01), both equivalent to about 12% of the total effect. To conclude, tT3 was positively associated with infant birth size. Reduced tT3 levels appeared to mediate a minor part of the inverse association between methylmercury exposure and birth size.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Mogren, Olof, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Adaptive Dynamics of Realistic Small-World Networks
- 2009
-
Ingår i: European Conference on Complex Systems 2009.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continuing in the steps of Jon Kleinberg’s and others celebrated work on decentralized search, we conduct an experimental analysis of destination sam- pling, a dynamic algorithm that produces small-world networks. We find that the algorithm adapts robustly to a wide variety of situations in realistic geographic net- works with synthetic test data and with real world data, even when vertices are unevenly and non-homogeneously distributed. We investigate the same algorithm in the case where some vertices are more popular destinations for searches than others, for example obeying power-laws. We find that the algorithm adapts and adjusts the networks ac- cording to the distributions, leading to improved per- formance. The ability of the dynamic process to adapt and create small worlds in such diverse settings suggests a possible mechanism by which such networks appear in nature.
|
|
| 8. |
- Sandberg, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
-
Underlying contributing conditions to breathlessness among middle-aged individuals in the general population: a cross-sectional study
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Bmj Open Respiratory Research. - : BMJ. - 2052-4439. ; 7:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Breathlessness is common in the general population and associated with poorer health. Prevalence, frequencies and overlap of underlying contributing conditions among individuals reporting breathlessness in the general population is unclear. The aim was to evaluate which conditions that were prevalent, overlapping and associated with breathlessness in a middle-aged general population. Method Cross-sectional analysis of individuals aged 50-65 years in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study pilot. Data from questionnaire, spirometry testing and fitness testing were used to identify underlying contributing conditions among participants reporting breathlessness (a modified Medical Research Scale (mMRC) score >= 1). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent associations with breathlessness. Results 1097 participants were included; mean age 57.5 years, 50% women and 9.8% (n=108) reported breathlessness (mMRC >= 1). Main underlying contributing conditions were respiratory disease (57%), anxiety or depression (52%), obesity (43%) and heart disease or chest pain (35%). At least one contributing condition was found in 99.6% of all participants reporting breathlessness, while two or more conditions were present in 66%. Conclusion In a middle-aged general population, the main underlying contributing conditions to breathlessness were respiratory disease, anxiety or depression, obesity and heart disease or chest pain with a high level of overlap.
|
|
| 9. |
- Sandberg, Oskar, 1980
(författare)
-
Distributed Routing in Small-World Networks
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments/3rd Workshop on Analytic Algorithms and Combinatorics Miami, FL, JAN 21, 2006. - 9780898716108 ; , s. 144-155
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- So called small-world networks clustered networks with small diameters are thought to be prevalent in nature, especially appearing in people's social interactions. Many models exist for this phenomenon, with some of the most recent explaining how it is possible to find short routes between nodes in such networks. Searching for such routes, however, always depends on nodes knowing what their and their neighbors positions are relative to the destination. In real applications where one may wish to search a small-world network, such as peer-to-peer computer networks, this cannot always be assumed to be true. We propose and explore a method of routing that does not depend on such knowledge, and which can be implemented in a completely distributed way without any global elements. The Markov Chain Monte-Carlo based algorithm takes only a graph as input, and requires no further information about the nodes themselves. The proposed method is tested against simulated and real world data.
|
|
| 10. |
- Sandberg, Oskar, 1980
(författare)
-
Neighbor selection and hitting probability in small-world graphs
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Annals of Applied Probability. - 1050-5164. ; 18:5, s. 1771-1793
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-world graphs, which combine randomized and structured elements, are seen as prevalent in nature. Jon Kleinberg showed that in some graphs of this type it is possible to route, or navigate, between vertices in few steps even with very little knowledge of the graph itself. In an attempt to understand how such graphs arise we introduce a different criterion for graphs to be navigable in this sense, relating the neighbor selection of a vertex to the hitting probability of routed walks. In several models starting from both discrete and continuous settings, this can be shown to lead to graphs with the desired properties. It also leads directly to an evolutionary model for the creation of similar graphs by the stepwise rewiring of the edges, and we conjecture, supported by simulations, that these too are navigable. © Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2008.
|
|
