| 1. |
- Boran, Colm, et al.
(författare)
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Saving Lives with V2X versus On-Board Sensing Systems -Which will be More Effective?
- 2012
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infrastructure systems such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) communication can theoretically prevent nearly all accidents by gathering the speed, locations, and travel directions of traffic participants, and intervening to control vehicle motion as required to help prevent collisions. However, during the phase-in of the communication systems, there will be many vehicles and many roads that do not have the communication systems in place, and therefore the system will not be effective in those cases. This lack of availability is likely the main disadvantage.On-board sensing (autonomous) systems such as cameras and radar sensors may not detect all potential hazards (e.g. due to weather, or hidden hazards), but they are effective in many situations and can help prevent crashes without depending on communication with infrastructure or other vehicles.This paper evaluates and compares the effectiveness of communication and on-board sensing technology in saving lives. Various implementation scenarios and system capabilities are investigated.
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| 2. |
- Bärgman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative Driver Behavior Modelling forActive Safety Assessment Expansion (QUADRAE)
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In-vehicle technologies are essential for vehicle safety. This project, Quantitative Driver Behavior Modeling for Active Safety Assessment Expansion (QUADRAE), addresses two crucial components of the technology development process: driver models and simulation methodology. Together, they have provided the industrial partners with state-of-the-art tools for system development and testing, facilitating the development of innovative technologies to improve traffic safety. The main objectives of the project were to:develop and validate models of driver behavior needed in current and future simulation tools for virtual testing of active safety and automationcarry out prioritized virtual tests to estimate the safety benefit of a system, tune system parameters, and explore potential outcomes in scenarios when the system is activelearn more about the best methods for performing virtual testing using driver modelsAs a result of the project, the partners now have an established virtual simulation framework using Predictive Processing (PP) as a general paradigm for modeling driver behavior. The modeling, based on the latest knowledge and ideas about human behavior in driving, draws on extensive research using volunteer drivers as study participants. Data from both controlled experiments and naturalistic driving were used to develop and validate the models. These models are already being used by the industry partners as part of their virtual safety assessment toolchain, to develop advanced driver support systems. The data will continue to be used by the project partners in industry and academia to develop future driver models (which will, in turn, foster improved driver support systems).
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| 3. |
- Flannagan, Carol. A. C., et al.
(författare)
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Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 117, s. 392-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the hypotheses that passenger vehicles meeting European Union (EU) safety standards have similar crashworthiness to United States (US) -regulated vehicles in the US driving environment, and vice versa. The first step involved identifying appropriate databases of US and EU crashes that include in-depth crash information, such as estimation of crash severity using Delta-V and injury outcome based on medical records. The next step was to harmonize variable definitions and sampling criteria so that the EU data could be combined and compared to the US data using the same or equivalent parameters. Logistic regression models of the risk of a Maximum injury according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale of 3 or greater, or fatality (MAIS3+F) in EU-regulated and US-regulated vehicles were constructed. The injury risk predictions of the EU model and the US model were each applied to both the US and EU standard crash populations. Frontal, near-side, and far-side crashes were analyzed together (termed "front/side crashes") and a separate model was developed for rollover crashes.For the front/side model applied to the US standard population, the mean estimated risk for the US-vehicle model is 0.035 (sd = 0.012), and the mean estimated risk for the EU-vehicle model is 0.023 (sd = 0.016). When applied to the EU front/side population, the US model predicted a 0.065 risk (sd = 0.027), and the EU model predicted a 0.052 risk (sd = 0.025). For the rollover model applied to the US standard population, the US model predicted a risk of 0.071 (sd = 0.024), and the EU model predicted 0.128 risk (sd = 0.057). When applied to the EU rollover standard population, the US model predicted a 0.067 risk (sd = 0.024), and the EU model predicted 0.103 risk (sd = 0.040).The results based on these methods indicate that EU vehicles most likely have a lower risk of MAIS3+F injury in front/side impacts, while US vehicles most likely have a lower risk of MAIS3+F injury in llroovers. These results should be interpreted with an understanding of the uncertainty of the estimates, the study limitations, and our recommendations for further study detailed in the report.
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| 4. |
- Flannagan, Carol A.C., et al.
(författare)
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Mutual Recognition Methodology Development
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Phase 1 of the Mutual Recognition Methodology Development (MRMD) project developed an approach to statistical modeling and analysis of field data to address the state of evidence relevant to mutual recognition of automotive safety regulations. Specifically, the report describes a methodology that can be used to measure evidence for the hypothesis that vehicles meeting EU safety standards would perform similarly to US-regulated vehicles in the US driving environment, and that vehicles meeting US safety standards would perform similarly to EU-regulated vehicles in the EU driving environment. As part of the project, we assessed the availability and contents of crash datasets from the US and the EU, as well as their collective ability to support the proposed statistical methodology.The report describes a set of three statistical approaches to “triangulate” evidence regarding similarity or differences in crash and injury risk associated with EU- and US-regulated vehicles. Approach 1, Seemingly Unrelated Regression, tests whether the models are identical and will also assess the capability of the data analysis to detect differences in the models, if differences exist.Approach 2, Consequences of Best Models, uses logistic regression to develop two separate models, one for EU risk and one for US risk, as a function of a set of predictors (i.e., crash, vehicle, and occupant conditions). The two models will then be exercised on a standard population for the EU and a standard population for the US. Approach 3, Evidence for Consequences, turns the question aroundto measures the overall evidence for each of a set of possible conclusions. Each conclusion is characterized by a range of relative risk on a single population. Evidence is measured using a weighted average of likelihoods for a large group of models that produce the same outcome. That evidence is then compared using Bayes Factors.
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| 5. |
- Flannagan, Carol A., et al.
(författare)
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Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study examined the hypotheses that vehicles meeting EU safety standards perform similarly to US-regulated vehicles in the US driving environment, and vice versa. The analyses used three statistical approaches to “triangulate” evidence regarding differences in crash and injury risk. Separate analyses assessed crash avoidance technologies, including headlamps and mirrors. The results suggest that when controlling for differences in environment and exposure, vehicles meeting EU standards offer reduced risk of serious injury in frontal/side crashes and have driver‐side mirrors that reduce risk in lane-change crashes better, while vehicles meeting US standards provide alower risk of injury in rollovers and have headlamps that make pedestrians more conspicuous.
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| 6. |
- Joshi, Peter K, et al.
(författare)
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Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 523:7561, s. 459-462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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| 7. |
- Knief, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza causes mass mortality in Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis breeding colonies across north-western Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: Bird conservation international. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0959-2709 .- 1474-0001. ; 34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2022, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b became enzootic and caused mass mortality in Sandwich TernThalasseus sandvicensis and other seabird species across north-western Europe. We present data on the characteristics of the spread of the virus between and within breeding colonies and the number of dead adult Sandwich Terns recorded at breeding sites throughout north-western Europe. Within two months of the first reported mortalities, 20,531 adult Sandwich Terns were found dead, which is >17% of the total north-western European breeding population. This is probably an under-representation of total mortality, as many carcasses are likely to have gone unnoticed and unreported. Within affected colonies, almost all chicks died. After the peak of the outbreak, in a colony established by late breeders, 25.7% of tested adults showed immunity to HPAI subtype H5. Removal of carcasses was associated with lower levels of mortality at affected colonies. More research on the sources and modes of transmission, incubation times, effective containment, and immunity is urgently needed to combat this major threat for colonial seabirds.
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| 8. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Manual for DREAM version 3.2
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) is based on the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM; Hollnagel, 1998). CREAM was developed to analyse accidents within process control domains such as nuclear power plants and train operation, and DREAM is an adaptation of CREAM to suit the road traffic domain. The purpose of DREAM is to make it possible to systematically classify and store accident and incident causation information. This means that DREAM, like all other methods for accident/incident analysis, is not a provider but an organiser of explanations. For any of the contributing factor categories available in DREAM to be used, it must be supported by relevant empirical information. DREAM in itself cannot tell us why accidents happen (if it could, we would need neither on-scene investigations nor interviews).DREAM includes three main components: an accident model, a classification scheme and a detailed procedure description which step by step goes through what needs to be done in order to perform a DREAM analysis on an investigated accident/incident. Below, the accident model will be given more detailed descriptions. After this follows a description of the classification scheme, and then comes the analysis process, including example cases and recommendations for how to do the categorisation in certain typical scenarios.
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| 9. |
- Paas, Ruth, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrian shoulder and spine kinematics in full-scale PMHS tests for human body model evaluation
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, Dublin:12 through14 September 2012. ; , s. 730-750
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tools such as human body models are required to show the benefit of restraints needed to reduce risk of injuries and fatalities for pedestrians. To assess the biofidelity of these tools, representative, detailed validation data are required. One aim was to investigate shoulder and spine response in pedestrian/vehicle collisions by analysing new and existing post mortem human subject (PMHS) full-scale tests. Furthermore, assessment was performed whether the specific loading conditions in these PMHS tests were similar to existing component tests and representative of real-life accidents. A full-scale PMHS test was conducted for detailed 6DOF analysis, and three tests were re-analysed. The hands were not tied together in any of the tests, different leg positions were used. To compare loading conditions with real life, accident data was analysed. Beginning with pelvis impact, the spine was drawn inferiorly while the head rotated contralaterally. Before elbow-to-vehicle contact, the ipsilateral scapula rotated upwards, elevated and adducted. Following elbow contact it elevated rapidly until shoulder-to-vehicle impact. Elbow contact appeared to affect the thorax and head kinematics; the head rotated towards the vehicle worsening the head impact. The results underline the necessity to collect additional 6DOF elbow, scapula and spine data in full-scale pedestrian impacts.
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| 10. |
- Sander, Ulrich, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Market penetration of intersection AEB: Characterizing avoided and residual straight crossing path accidents
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 115:June 2018, s. 178-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Car occupants account for one third of all junction fatalities in the European Union. Driver warning can reduce intersection accidents by up to 50 percent; adding Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) delivers a reduction of up to 70 percent. However, these findings are based on an assumed 100 percent equipment rate, which may take decades to achieve. Our study investigates the relationship between intersection AEB market penetration rates and avoidance of accidents and injuries in order to guide implementation strategies. Additionally, residual accident characteristics (impact configurations and severity) are analyzed to provide a basis for future in-crash protection requirements. We determined which accidents would have been avoided through the use of an Intersection AEB system with different sensor field-of-view (180°) by means of re-simulating the pre-crash phase of 792 straight crossing path (SCP) car-to-car accidents recorded in the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and the associated Pre-Crash Matrix (PCM). Intersection AEB was activated when neither of the conflict opponents could avoid the crash through reasonable braking or steering reactions. For not-avoided accidents, we used the Kudlich-Slibar rigid body impulse model to calculate the change of velocity during the impact as a measure of impact severity and the principal direction of force. Accident avoidance over market penetration is not linear but exponential, with higher gains at low penetration rates and lower gains at higher rates. A wide field-of-view sensor (180°) substantially increased accident avoidance and injury mitigation rates compared to a 120° field-of-view sensor. For a 180° field-of-view sensor at 100 percent market penetration, about 80 percent of the accidents and 90 percent of the MAIS2+F injuries could be avoided. For the remaining accidents, AEB intervention rarely affected side of impact. The median change of velocity (delta-V) of the remaining crashes reduces only marginally at low penetration rates but this reduction increases with higher penetration rates. With 100 percent market penetration, one quarter of the vehicles still involved in straight crossing path accidents will sustain a delta-V higher than 17 km/h. Intersection AEB is very effective. Enabling a fast initial implementation of systems with wide field-of-view sensor(s) and ensuring a high market penetration over the longer term is essential to achieve high crash avoidance and injury mitigation rates over time. The standards for in-crash protection must be high to mitigate injury in the unavoidable, residual accidents.
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